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UC-7420/7410 User ’ s Manual Seventh Edition, February 2009 www .moxa.com/product © 2009 Moxa Inc. All righ ts reserved. Reproducti on without perm ission is pr ohibited.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual The software d escribed in thi s manual i s furnished u nder a license agreem ent and m ay be used only in accordance with the term s of that agreement. Copyright Notice Copyright © 2009 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved. Reproducti on without perm ission is pr ohibited.
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1-1 Overview...................................................................................................
Compiling tcps2.c..................................................................................................... 2-16 Uploading tcps2-release a n d Running the Pr ogram ................................................. 2- 17 Testing Procedure Summary .
File manager .............................................................................................................. A-1 Editor ....................................................................................................................
1 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Welcome to M oxa UC-7420/ 7410 RISC- based Comm unication Platf orms. Availabl e features include eight RS-232/422/485 seri al ports, dual 10/100 Mbps Ethe rnet ports, a PCM.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-2 Overview UC-7420/741 0 RISC-based C ommunicati on Platfo rms are i deal for embedded applications. UC-7420/7 410 has eight RS-232/42 2/485 ser ial ports, .
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-3 Product Features y Intel XScale IXP422 266 MHz Processor y On-board 128 MB RAM, 32 MB Flash ROM y Eight RS-2 32/422/485 serial ports y Dual 10/100 Mbps Et.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-4 Operating temperatur e -10 to 60 °C, (14 to 1 40°F), 5 to 95% RH S torage temperature -20 to 80 °C, (-4 to 1 85°F), 5 to 95% RH Regulatory Approvals E.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-5 Dimensions 197 mm [7.76"] 125 mm [4.92"] 44 mm [1.73"].
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-6 Hardware Block Diagram The following block diagram shows the layou t of UC-7420’s internal componen ts (the layout for UC-7410 is sl ightly di fferent).
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-7 Reset-type Buttons UC-7420/7410 ha s two reset-type buttons . The button labeled Reset has the sam e effect as unpluggin g the powe r and then plugging the power back in. The b utton lab eled Reset to defa ult returns UC-7420/7410 to the factory default parameter configuration.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-8 Placement Options W all or Cabinet The two metal brackets that co me standard with UC-7420/7410 are used to attach UC-7420/7410 to a wall, or the inside of a cabinet. Use two scre ws per bracket first to attach the brackets to the bottom of the UC-7420/7410 (Fig.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-9 DIN-Rail Mounting The aluminum DIN-Rail attachm ent plate is included in the package. If you need to reattach the DIN-Rail attachment plate to UC-7420/7410, make sure the stiff metal spring is situated towards the top, as shown in the figures b elow.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-10 You should al so observe the following comm on wiring rule s: y Use separate p aths to route wiring for power and devi ces. If powe r wiring and device wiri ng paths must cross, m ake sure the wires are perpendicular at t he intersection point.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-11 Connecting to the Network Connect one end of the Ethernet cab le to one of UC-7420/7410’s 10/100M Eth ernet ports (8-pin RJ45) and the other end of the cable to th e Ethern et network.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-12 CompactFlash UC-7420 pro vides one CompactFl ash slot that supports Com pactFlash type I/ II card expa nsion. Currently, Mo xa provides a CompactFlash disk for plug & play mass stor age expansi on. You m ay also use flash disks available from most computer su pply outlets.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-13 User AP User Directory (User Configuration) Mini Root File System Configuration Linux Kernel & Root HW Boot Loader To improve system reliability, UC-7420/7410 has a bu ilt-in mechanism that prevents th e system from crashing.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Introduction 1-14 Although JFFS2 is a journaling file system, this does not preclude the loss of data. The file system will remain in a consistent state acros s power fa ilures a nd will always be m ountable.
2 2 Chapter 2 Getting Started In this chapter, we explain how to conn ect UC-7420/7410, turn on the power, and th en get started using the programm ing and ot her functio ns.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-2 Powering on UC-7420/7410 Connect the SG wire to the Shielded Con tact located in the upper left corner of the UC-7420/741 0, and then power on U C-7420/7410 by connectin g it to the power adap tor. It takes about 30 to 60 seconds for the system to boo t up.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-3 Telnet Console If you know at least one of the tw o IP addresses an d netmasks, then you can use Telnet to connect to UC-7420/7410’s co nsole utility. The default IP a ddress and Netm ask for each of the two ports are given below: Default IP Address Netmask LAN 1 192.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-4 ATTENTION Serial Console Reminder Remember to choose VT100 as the terminal type. Use cable C BL-RJ45F9-15 0, which com es with UC-7420/7410 , to connect to the serial console port.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-5 Linux Users From a Linux machine, use t he “ssh” command to access UC-7420/7410’s Console utility via SSH. #ssh 192.168.3.127 Select yes to complete the connection. [root@bee_notebook root]# ssh 192.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-6 Dynamic IP addresses : By default, UC-7420/7410 is configured for “static” IP addresses. To configure one or both LAN ports to request an IP address dynami cally, replace static with dhcp and then delete the address, network , netmask, and broa dcast lines.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-7 NOTE After changing the IP settings, use the networking restart command to activate the new IP address. However, the LCM display will still sh ow the old IP address. To update the LCM display, you will need to reboot the UC-7420 /7410.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-8 3. Configure the W ireless LAN card’s default SSID setting profile. (Default SSID is “any”) #vi /etc/wlan/wlan.conf // Consult your network administrator for SSID required in your wireless network.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-9 IEEE802.11g The following I EEE802.11g wireless modules are supported: y ASUS — WL-1 07g y CNET — CWC-8 54 (181D ve rsion) y Edmiax — EW-7108PCg y Amigo — AWP-914W y GigaByte — GN-WMKG y Other brands that use the Ralin k RT2500 series chip set To configu re the WLAN for IEEE802.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-10 3. Additional WLAN parameters are contained in the file RT2500STA.dat . To open the file, navigate to t he RT2500ST A folder a nd invoke vi, or type t he followi ng comma nd #vi /etc/Wireless/RT2500STA/RT2500STA.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-11 NetworkT ype —Sets the wireless operation mode Setting Explanation Infra Infrastructure mode (uses acc ess points to transmit data) Adhoc Adhoc m od.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-12 T urboR ate —Enables or disables T u rboRate Setting Explanation 0 disable 1 enable BGProtection —Sets 1 1b/1 1g protection (t his function i s fo.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-13 Test Program — Developing Hello.c In this section, we use the standard “Hello” programming example to illu strate how to develop a program for UC-7420/7 410. In gene ral, prog ram developm ent involves t he followi ng seven steps .
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-14 If there isn’t enough “Available” space for you r application, you will need to delete some existing files. To do this, connect your PC to the UC-7420 /7410 with the console cable, an d then use the console utility to delete the files from UC-7420/7410 ’s flash memory.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-15 Uploading “Hello” to UC-742 0/7410 and Running the Program Use the follo wing comm and to upload hello-release to the UC-7420/7410 via FTP.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-16 Compiling tcps2.c The source code for the tcps2 exam ple is located on the CD -ROM at CD-ROM://example/TCPServer2/tcps 2.c . Use the following commands to copy the file to a specific directory on your PC.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-17 Uploading tcps2-release and Running the Program Use the following commands to use FTP to up load tcps2-release to the UC-7420/7410.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-18 4. The program should start running in the background. Use either the #jobs or #ps –ef command to check if the tc ps2 program is actually running in t he backgro und. #jobs // use this command to check if the program is running 192.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-19 158 root 1532 S /sbin/getty 115200 ttyS1 162 root 3652 S /usr/sbin/sshd 163 root 2208 S -bash 169 root 2192 S ftpd: 192.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Getting Started 2-20 NOTE The tcps2.c appl ication is a si mple exam ple designed to gi ve users a basic understan ding of the concepts inv olved in com bining Ethe rnet comm unication and seri al port c ommunicati on.
3 3 Chapter 3 Managing Embedded Linux This chapte r includes inf ormati on about vers ion contr ol, deploym ent, upda tes, and peri pherals. The information in this chapter will be particu larly useful when you need to run the same application on several UC -7420/74 10 units.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-2 System Version Information To determine the hardware capability of your UC-7 420/7410 , and what kind of software functions are supported , check the versio n numbers of your U C-7420/7410’s h ardware, kernel, and u ser file system.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-3 Since different Flash disks have different sizes, it’ s a good idea to check the size of your Flash disk before upgrading the firmware, o r before using the disk to store your application and data files.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-4 -rw-rw-rw- 1 ftp ftp 8778996 Nov 29 10:24 UC7420_usrdisk-1.5.frm 226 Transfer complete. ftp> get UC7420-1.5.frm local: UC7420-1.5.frm remote: UC7420-1.5.frm 200 Port command successful. 150 Opening data connection for UC7420-1.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-5 Loading Factory Default s The easiest way to load factory defaults is to up d ate the firmware (follow the instructions in the previous section to u pgrade the firm ware). Note that if y our use r file is n ot working p roperly, the sy stem wi ll mount the M ini File S ystem.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-6 Type the command “ps –ef” to list all pro cesses currently running. 192.168.3.127 – PuTTY root@Moxa:~# cd /etc root@Moxa:/etc# ps -ef P.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-7 Next, use the vi open your a pplication program. We use the exam ple program tcps2-release , and put it to run in the backg round. 192.168.3.127 – PuTTY # !/bin/sh # Add you want to run daemon /root/tcps2-release &~ Then you will find the enab led daemons after you reboot the system.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-8 Setting the Run-Level In this section, we outline the steps you should take to set the Linux run- level and execute requests. Use the follow ing comm and to enable or disable settings: 192.168.3.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-9 Adjusting the System Time Setting the T ime Manually UC-7420/7410 has two time settings. One is the system time, and the other is the RTC (Real Time Clock) tim e kept by the UC-7420/7 410 hard ware.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-10 NTP Client UC-7420/7410 has a bu ilt-in NTP (Network Time Protocol) client that is used to initialize a ti me request to a remote NTP server. Use #ntpdate < this client utility > to update the sy stem time.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-11 Cron—daemon to Execute Scheduled Commands This function is o nly available for firm ware version V1. 5 (and later version s). Start Cron from the directory /etc/rc.d/rc.local . It will return immediately, so you don’t need to start it with ‘&’ to run the backgroun d.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Embedded Linux 3-12 Connecting Peripherals USB Mass S torage This function is o nly available for firm ware version V1. 5 (and later version s). The UC-7420/7410 supports PNP (plug -n-play), and hot pluggability for connecting USB mass storage devices.
4 4 Chapter 4 Managing Communications In this chapt er, we ex plain how to configure UC -7420/7410 ’s various com muni cation functi ons. The following topics are covered in this chapter: Telnet.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-2 Telnet / FTP In addition to suppo rting Telnet client/server and FTP client/server, the UC-7420/7410 system also supports SSH and sftp client/server. To enable or disable the Telnet/ftp server, you first need to edit the file /etc/inetd.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-3 Web Service—Apache The Apache web server’s main co nfiguration file is /etc/apache/httpd.conf , with the default homepage loca ted at /usr/www/html/index.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-4 To open the de fault CGI te st script re port page, ty pe http://192.168.3.127 /cg i-bin/test-cgi in your browser’s address box. NOTE The CGI functi on is enabl ed by defa ult. If yo u want to di sable the functi on, modi fy the file /etc/apache/httpd.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-5 Saving a W eb Page to the CF Card Since some applications will have web pages that take up a lot of memory space, you will need to be able to r un the homepage a nd other pages from the CF ca rd.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-6 Step4: Open your browser and con nect to the UC-7420/7410 by typing the current LAN1 IP address in the browser’s addr ess box. NOTE Visit the Apache website at http://httpd.ap ache.org/docs/ for more information about setting up an Apache server.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-7 MASQUERA DE — a special form for SNAT. If o ne hos t can connect to internet, th en other computers that c onnect to this host can connect to the Internet whe n it the computer does not have an actual IP address.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-8 UC-7420/741 0 supports the f ollowing s ub-modules. Be sure to use t he module that m atches your application.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-9 Examples: # iptables -L -n In this example, since we do not use the -t parameter, the system uses the default ‘filter’ table. Three chains are incl uded: INPUT, OUT PUT, and FORWARD. INPUT chains are acce pted automatically, and all connections ar e accepted without being filtered.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-10 Example 2: Ac cept TCP pack ets from 192. 168.0.1. # iptables –A INPUT –i ixp0 –p tcp –s 192.168.0.1 –j ACCEPT Example 3: Ac cept TCP pack ets from Cl ass C network 1 92.168.1.0/24. # iptables –A INPUT –i ixp0 –p tcp –s 192.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-11 1. #ehco 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 2. # modprobe iptable_nat 3. # modprobe ip_conntract 4. # modprobe ipt_MASQUERADE 5. #iptables -t nat –A POSTROUTING –o ixp0 –j SNAT --to-source 192.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-12 NOTE Click on the following links for more information about ppp: http://tldp.org /HOWTO/PPP-HOWTO/index.html http://axion.physics.ub c.ca/ppp-linux.html The pppd daem on is used to connect to a PPP se rver from a Linux syste m.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-13 crtscts Use hardware f low control between comput er and modem (at 115200 t his is a must ). modem Indicates that this is a modem device; pppd will hang up the phone before and after making the call.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-14 where z.z.z.z is the address of your name server. T his should work. Here ’s what the response could loo k like: waddington :~$p ping 129 .67.1.165 PING 129.67.1.165 (129.67 .1.165): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 129.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-15 PPPoE How to use PPPoE on UC-7 408: 1. Update two files: /usr/sbin/pppd and /usr/lib/pppd/2.4.1/pppoe.so on the target UC-7408 for version V1.5 or earlier ve rsions. Copy the files fr om the web or CD-ROM , and directly update it by the c opy command or FTP.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-16 5. Edit the file /etc/ppp/pap-secrets and add t he followi ng: “username@hinet. net” * “passwor d” * “username@hinet.net” is t he username obtai ned from the ISP to log in to the ISP account.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-17 7. Add one of two fil es: /etc/ppp/options.ixp0 or /etc/ppp/options.ix p1 . The choice depends on which LAN is connected to t he ADSL modem . If you use LAN1 to connect to the ADSL modem , then add /etc/ppp/options.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-18 NFS (Network File System) The Network File System (NFS) is used to mount a disk partition on a remote machine, as if it were on a local hard drive, allowing fast, seam less sharing of files across a network.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-19 async The async option instructs the server to lie to th e client, telling the client that all data has been written to the stable storag e.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-20 NOTE Click on the following link for more information about smtpclient: http://www.engelschall.co m/sw/smtpclient/ To send an email message, use the ‘smtpclient’ utility, which uses SMTP protocol.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-21 ***** SNMP QUERY FINISHED ***** NOTE Click on the following links for more information about MIB II and RS-2 32 like group: http://www.faqs.org/ rfcs/rfc121 3.html http://www.faqs.org/ rfcs/rfc131 7.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-22 2. Generate a pre set shared key by typing the comma nd: # openvpn --genkey --secret secrouter.key Copy the file that is generated to the OpenVPN machine. 3. Generate a scri pt file nam ed openvpn-bridge on each OpenVPN m achine.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-23 IFS=$oIFS if [ “$FOUND” = “no” ]; then modprobe $mname fi } start() { ifcfg_vpn if [ ! ( -d “/dev/net” ) ]; then mkdir /dev/net fi .
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-24 openvpn --rmtun --dev tap${i} i=`expr $i + 1` if [ $i -ge $maxtap ]; then break fi done brctl delif br0 $iface brctl delbr br0 ifconfig br0 dow.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-25 up /etc/openvpn/B-tap0-br.sh #---------------------------------- Start---------------------------- #!/bin/sh # value after “-net” is the subnet behind the remote peer route add -net 192.168.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-26 Setup 2: Ethernet Bridging for Pr ivate Networks on the Same Subnet 1. Set up four machines as sho wn in the following diagram: OpenVPN A OpenVPN B Host A eth0: 192.168.2.171 Host B eth0: 192.168.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Managing Communication 4-27 2. Create a configuration file name d “A-tun.conf” and an execut able script file nam ed “A-tun.sh”. # point to the peer remote 192.168.8.174 dev tun secret /etc/openvpn/secrouter.key cipher DES-EDE3-CBC auth MD5 tun-mtu 1500 tun-mtu-extra 64 ping 40 ifconfig 192.
5 5 Chapter 5 Programmer’s Guide This chapter includes importan t information for programmers. This following functions are covered in this chapter: Flas h Memo ry Map Linux Tool Chai n Intr.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-2 Flash Memory Map Partition sizes are hard coded into th e kernel bina ry. To chang e the partition sizes, you will need to rebuild the kernel.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-3 Obtaining help Use the Linux man utility to obtain help on many of the utilities provid ed by the tool chain.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-4 Debugging with GDB First compile the program must with option -ggdb. Use the following steps: 1. To debug a pro gram called hello-debug on the target, use t he command: #gdbserver 192.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-5 Buzzer The device node is located at /dev/console . UC-7 420/7410 suppor ts Linux standard buzzer con trol, with UC-7420 /7410’s bu zzer running at a fixed frequ ency of 100 H z. You must include <sys/kd.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-6 int swtd_enable(int fd, unsigned long time) Description Enable application sWatchDog. And you must do ack after this process. Input int fd - the file handle, from the swtd_open() return value. unsigned long time - Th e time you wish to ack sWatchDog peri odically.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-7 int swtd_ack(int fd) Description: Acknowledge sWatchDog. When the user appli cation enable sWatchDog. It need to ca ll this function periodically with user predefined time in the application prog ram.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-8 swtd_close(fd); exit(0); } The makefile is shown below: all: mxscaleb-gcc –o xxxx xxxx.c –lmoxalib Example 2: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <signal.h> #include <string.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-9 exit(1); } The makefile is shown below: all: mxscaleb-gcc –o xxxx xxxx.c –lmoxalib UART The normal tty de vice node is located at /dev/ttyM0 … ttyM7 , and the m odem tty dev ice node is located at /dev/cum0 … cum7 .
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-10 Example to get the baud rate #include <moxadevice.h> #include <termios.h> struct termios term; int fd, speed; fd = open(“/dev/ttyM0”, O_RDWR); tcgetattr(fd, &term); if ( (term.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual Programmer’s Guide 5-11 KeyPad The device node is /dev/keypad . The key value is defin ed in moxade vice.h. int ioctl(fd, IOCTL_KEYPAD_HAS_PRESS, int *flag); Checks how ma ny keys have been pressed. Ar gument 3 ret urns the num ber of pressed keys.
A A Appendix A System Commands Linux normal command utility collection File manager 1. cp c o p y f i l e 2. ls list file 3. ln make symbolic link file 4. mount mount and check file system 5. rm delete file 6. chmod change file owner & group & user 7.
UC-7420/7410 User’s Manual System Commands A-2 Process 1. kill kill process 2. ps display now running process Other 1. dmesg dump kernel log message 2. sty t o s e t s e r i a l p o r t 3. zcat dump .gz file context 4. mknod make device node 5. free display system memory usage 6.
Een belangrijk punt na aankoop van elk apparaat Moxa UC-7410 (of zelfs voordat je het koopt) is om de handleiding te lezen. Dit moeten wij doen vanwege een paar simpele redenen:
Als u nog geen Moxa UC-7410 heb gekocht dan nu is een goed moment om kennis te maken met de basisgegevens van het product. Eerst kijk dan naar de eerste pagina\'s van de handleiding, die je hierboven vindt. Je moet daar de belangrijkste technische gegevens Moxa UC-7410 vinden. Op dit manier kan je controleren of het apparaat aan jouw behoeften voldoet. Op de volgende pagina's van de handleiding Moxa UC-7410 leer je over alle kenmerken van het product en krijg je informatie over de werking. De informatie die je over Moxa UC-7410 krijgt, zal je zeker helpen om een besluit over de aankoop te nemen.
In een situatie waarin je al een beziter van Moxa UC-7410 bent, maar toch heb je de instructies niet gelezen, moet je het doen voor de hierboven beschreven redenen. Je zult dan weten of je goed de alle beschikbare functies heb gebruikt, en of je fouten heb gemaakt die het leven van de Moxa UC-7410 kunnen verkorten.
Maar de belangrijkste taak van de handleiding is om de gebruiker bij het oplossen van problemen te helpen met Moxa UC-7410 . Bijna altijd, zal je daar het vinden Troubleshooting met de meest voorkomende storingen en defecten #MANUAl# samen met de instructies over hun opplosinge. Zelfs als je zelf niet kan om het probleem op te lossen, zal de instructie je de weg wijzen naar verdere andere procedure, bijv. door contact met de klantenservice of het dichtstbijzijnde servicecentrum.
