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EL-9900 MODEL EL-9900 GRAPHING CALCULA TOR GRAPHING CALCULA TOR OPERA TION MANU AL SHARP CORPORA TION 02CGK(TINSE0511EHZZ) PRINTED IN CHINA/IMPRIMÉ EN CHINE/IMPRESO EN CHINA ® ®.
Declaration of Conf ormity Graphing Calculator: EL-9900 This device complies with P art 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the f ollowing two conditions: (1) This device ma y not cause harmful interference, and (2) this de vice must accept any interf erence received, including interf erence that may cause undesired oper ation.
i Intr oduction This graphing calculator can handle man y types of mathematical formulas and e xpressions f or you. It is powerful enough to process v er y complex f or mulas used in rock et science, b ut yet so compact that it fits in your coat poc ket.
ii Introduction Rever sible K e yboard This calculator comes equipped with a re versible k eyboard. Re verse the ke yboard to select Basic Mode or Advanced Mode . Basic Mode A green backg round color ke yboard with basic mathematical functions. This mode is suitable f or learning mathematics in lower grades .
iii Introduction Adv anced Mode (Default mode) A blue bac kground color ke yboard with advanced mathematical functions . This mode is suitable f or learning or studying mathematics in higher grades.
iv Contents Caring for Y our Calculator ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Getting Started .......................................................................................
v Contents Chapter 4 Basic Graphing Features — Basic Ke yboard ......................................................... 50 1. Tr y it! .................................................................................................................
vi Contents Chapter 9 List Features ............................................................................................................ 131 1. Tr y it! ..........................................................................................
vii Contents Chapter 13 Programming Features ........................................................................................... 202 1. Tr y it! ..................................................................................................
viii Contents 3. Complex n umber calculation ........................................................................ 245 7. CA T ALOG F eature ................................................................................................ 246 8. List of Menu/Sub-menu Items .
1 Caring for Y our Calculator Caring f or Y our Calculator • Do not carr y the calculator around in y our back pock et, as it ma y break when you sit down.
2 Chapter 1 Getting Star ted Bef ore Use 1. Open the battery cover located on the back of the calculator . Pull down the notch, then lift the battery cov er up to remov e it. 2. Inser t the batteries, as indicated. Mak e sure that the batteries are inser ted in the correct directions.
3 Chapter 1: Getting Started Since the display contr ast may v ar y with the ambient temperature and/or remaining battery power , you ma y want to adjust the contrast accordingly . Here’ s how: 1. Press @ , then p . 2. Adjust the contrast by using the + and - keys.
4 Chapter 1: Getting Started Pa rt Names and Functions Main Unit 1 Display screen 2 Po wer ON/ OFF key 5 Cursor ke ys 3 Ke y operation keys 4 Graphing keys.
5 Chapter 1: Getting Started 1 Display screen: Displa ys up to 132 pixels wide b y 64 pixels tall of g raphs and texts . 2 Po wer ON/OFF key: Tu r ns calculator ON. T o turn off the calculator , press @ , then o . 3 Ke y operation keys: These ke ys are used to change the ke y functions.
6 Chapter 1: Getting Started Basic ke yboard Advanced k eyboard Basic Operation keys E : Used when e xecuting calculations or specifying commands . C / q : Clear/Quit key B : Backspace delete k ey D : Delete ke y i :T oggle input mode between insert and overwrite (in one-line edit mode).
7 Chapter 1: Getting Started Menu keys (Function of these keys ma y vary between basic and adv anced mode.) M : Enter the Math menu with additional mathematical functions. S : Enter the statistics menu. P : Enter the programming men u. z : Enter the menu f or calculator specific variables .
8 Chapter 1: Getting Started Basic K ey Operations Since this calculator has more than one function assigned to each k ey , y ou will need to follo w a fe w steps to get the function you need. Example • Press “as is” to get the function and number printed on each k ey .
9 Chapter 1: Getting Started Changing the K eyboar d This calculator is designed with a re versible k eyboard, which b y utilizing it will not only change the appearance, b ut will also change the internal functions and configurations of the calculator as well.
10 Chapter 1: Getting Started Here are the major ingredients f or 18 doughnuts: 1 4 cup warm water 3 4 cup warm milk 1 3 cup sugar 4 cups all-pur pose flour 2 eggs 3 tablespoons b utter Based on these v alues, solve the f ollowing problems using the calculator .
11 Chapter 1: Getting Started 3. Press 3 b 4 ' . 4. Press b 18 ' . 5. Press E . 1. Press # to enter the calculation screen. 2. Press C to clear the display .
12 Chapter 1: Getting Started On the Basic Mode, y ou can toggle between decimal v alues, mix ed values, and improper fractions using > , / , and < , respectiv ely . 1. Press > E . 2. Press < E . 3. Press / E . 1. Press @ ; . 2. Select F ANSWER and press 1 .
13 Chapter 2 Operating the Graphing Calculator Basic / Ad vanced K eyboar d This calculator comes equipped with a rev ersible k eyboard to support two different ke yboard configurations: Basic and Advanced k eyboard. By rev ersing the ke yboard, the calculator s witches its set of functions and behaviors as well as its visual aspect.
14 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 1. Entering number s Use the number k eys ( 0 ~ 9 ), decimal point ke y ( . ), and negativ e number ke y ( _ ) to enter numbers into the calculator . T o clear the screen entr y , press C . Example T ype 10.
15 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 2. P erforming standar d math calculations By utilizing the + - | and = ke ys, you can perf orm the standard arithmetic calculations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Press E to perf or m each calculation.
16 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Example Enter “ 65536 4 × 8 3 ” in the Calculation screen. Jump the cursor to the beginning of the expression (just f or this ex ercise), then press E to calculate. 1. Press # , then C to clear the display .
17 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Editing Entries * See page 26 f or details. The calculator has the f ollowing two editing modes: equation mode, and one line mode.
18 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Example T ype 4500000, then remove 500. # C 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 ; ; ; B B B Tips: Y ou can jump the cursor to the beginning or the end of line b y using the @ and ; ' ke ys. T o learn about how to use the @ ke y and its functions, ref er to the section “Second Function K ey” of this chapter .
19 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator ALPHA Ke y Use A to enter an alphabet character . With the Basic keyboard, all 26 alphabet characters from “A” up to “Z”, and space can be typed; the Advanced k eyboard has all 26 characters accessib le, as well as “ θ ”, “=”, “ : ”, and space.
20 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Math Function K eys Mathematical functions can be called up quickly with the Math Function k eys . The Math Function ke y sets for both the Basic and Adv anced K eyboards are designed to suit the needs of calculations at each le vel.
21 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator c Enters an arc cosine function at the cursor t Enters a tangent function at the cursor t Enters an arctangent function at the cursor l Enters a logarit.
22 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Note: If a number precedes d b a and _ , then the number will be set as the first entry of the figure. Else, the first entr y is blank and the cursor flashes .
23 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator MA TH, ST A T , and PRGM Menu K eys By using the M , S , and P k eys, you can access man y menu items f or comple x calculation tasks. The appendix “List of Menu/Sub-menu Items” shows the contents of each, with detailed descriptions of each sub-menu item.
24 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 5. T ype 3 4 . 5 6 7 , 0 ) , and press E . SETUP Menu Use this menu to v erify basic configurations, such as to define the calculator’ s editing pref erences, and scientific and mathematical base units.
25 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 4. Press # C to clear the Calculation screen, type 1 0 0 0 y , then E . SETUP Menu Items DRG: F or trigonometric calculations and coordinate conv ersion.
26 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator T AB: Sets the number of digits be yond the decimal point (0 through 9). The def ault is “9”. COORD: Sets the calculator to v ar ious graph coordinate systems .
27 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Notes: Immediately after changing the EDIT OR, the calculator will return to the calculation screen and the f ollowing data will be cleared.
28 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 7) Multiplications between a number and a function in #6 (3cos20, etc. “cos20” is ev aluated first) 8) P er mutations and combinations (nPr , nCr) 9) × , ÷ 10 ) + , – 11 ) and 12 )o r, xor xnor 13 ) Equalities and nonequalities (<, ≤ , >, ≥ , ≠ , =, → deg, → dms , etc.
29 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Resetting the Calculator Use the reset when a malfunction occurs, to delete all data, or to set all mode v alues to the def ault settings. The resetting can be done b y either pressing the reset s witch located in the battery compar tment, or by selecting the reset in the OPTION men u.
30 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator • The message on the right may occasionally appear . In this case, repeat the procedure from step 1 to pre vent loss of data. 2. Selecting the RESET within the OPTION men u 1. Press @ , then p . The OPTION menu appears.
31 Chapter 3 Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboar d In this chapter , we e xplore more features of this calculator using the Basic K eyboard. F eatures such as fraction to decimal con v ersion and the quotient-remainder key , as w ell as basic arithmetic calculations, will be cov ered in this chapter .
32 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard CONCEPT 1. Enter a math e xpression, then perform the calculation. 2. Sav e a number into a variab le, then recall the value later . PROCEDURE 1. First, press # , then C to clear any screen entries. 2.
33 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 2. Arithmetic Ke ys There are various k eys f or ar ithmetic calculations. Use the + - | = , _ , ( and ) k eys to perf or m basic arithmetic calculations. Press E to solv e an equation. E Executes an e xpression.
34 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard | Enters a “ × ” sign for m ultiplication. Example • Multiply 12 by 34. 1 2 | 3 4 E = Enters a “ ÷ ” sign for division. Example • Divide 54 by 32. 5 4 = 3 2 E The multiplication sign can be left out when: a.
35 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard ( Enters an open parenthesis. Use with “)” as a pair , or the calcula- tion will result in an error . ) Enters a closing parenthesis; a parenthesis left open will result in an error . Example • Calculate (4 + 6) ÷ 5.
36 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard Specifying a common factor Simplify the fraction using the specified common f actor . Example 1 b 12 ' + 5 b 12 E Q 6 E (Manually specify 6, the Greatest Com- mon F actor of 12 and 6, to simplify the fraction.
37 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard i P erforms an integer division, and returns a quotient and a remainder . Example • Get a quotient and a remain- der of 50 ÷ 3. 50 i 3 E * Quotient value is set to Ans memory and remainder is not stored.
38 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard b Enters a fraction, setting the preceding number as its n umerator . * If the calculator is set to one-line mode, then “ ¬ ” will be entered instead. For e xample, “2 ¬ 5” indicates “ 2 5 ”.
39 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard x Enters an “x”, an unkno wn variable . Use this key when working with graph equations . Refer to Chapter 4 “Basic Graphing F eatures” to lear n how to use this f eature.
40 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard r Recalls a v ar iable . Example • Set C = 8. 8 R A C E Recall the value of C . @ r A C E z Accesses the V ARS menu. Refer to chapters 4 and 6 to learn how to use each item in this menu. { } Enter braces to group n umbers as a list.
41 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard e Recalls the pre vious entr y . This is useful when y ou want to modify the previous entry , rather than reenter the whole expression o ver . Example • Calculate 4 × 6. 4 | 6 E Next, calculate 4 × 8.
42 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 4. Calculations Using MA TH Menu Items The MA TH menu contains functions used f or more elaborate math concepts, such as trigonometr y , logarithms, probability , and math unit/format conv ersions. The MA TH menu items ma y be incor porated into y our expressions.
43 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 3 tan Enters a tangent function to be used in a trigonometr ic calcula- tion. Example • Calculate tangent 45°. M A 3 4 5 E 4 log Enters a “log” function f or a logarithmic calculation Example • Calculate log 100.
44 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 2 round( r ound( v alue [ , digit number of decimals] ) Returns the rounded value of the term in parentheses. A rounding point can be specified. *A real number , a list, matr ix, v ar iable , or equation can be used as values .
45 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 6 min( min( list ) Finds and returns the minimum value within a list of numbers . T o define a list of more than two numbers , group the numbers with brac kets ( @ { and @ } ), with each element separated by a comma.
46 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 0 remain natural number remain natural number Returns the remainder of a division. Example • Obtain the remainder when 123 is divided by 5. 1 2 3 M B 0 5 E CP R O B Use the PROB sub-men u items for probability calculations.
47 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 3 rndCoin rndCoin [(number of trial)] Returns a specified number of random integers to simulate a coin flip: 0 (head) or 1 (tail). The size of the list (i.e., how man y times the vir tual coin is thrown) can be specified.
48 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 6 nCr Returns the total number of combinations for selecting “r” item out of “n” items . n C r = n! r!(n – r)! Example •H ow many diff erent groups of 7 students can be f or med with 15 students? 1 5 M C 6 7 E 7 ! Retur ns a f actor ial.
49 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Keyboard 2 → dms Ta k es a number in decimal form (in degrees), and conv er ts it into a se xagesimal number . T o enter a number in se xagesimal form, use items in the “ANGLE” sub-men u, described in the next subsection of this Chapter .
50 Chapter 4 Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboar d This chapter takes the kno wledge you hav e gained in Chapter 3 se veral steps further . Note: To tr y the examples in this chapter , it is required that the Basic K eyboard is already set up by the user .
51 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard CONCEPT 1. By using two linear gr aphs, the approximate crossing point can be found. 2. The exact crossing point can be f ound with the T ABLE function. PROCEDURE 1. Press Y to enter the Graph Equation window .
52 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Features — Basic Keyboar d Graph Basics The graph e xamples in this ex ercise are called X-Y graphs. An X-Y graph is quite useful f or clearly displaying the relationship between two v ar iables . 7. Let’ s take a look at the graph.
53 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard = : The expression can be represented as a gr aph. = : The expression cannot be dr awn as a gr aph. •M ov e the cursor pointer to the “=” sign and press E to change between to-dra w and not-to-dra w .
54 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Features — Basic Keyboar d 2 Box A bo x area can be specified with this sub-menu tool so that the area within the bo x will be display ed full screen. To select a box area to zoom: 1. While the ZOOM menu item is selected within the ZOOM window , press 2 to select 2 Bo x .
55 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard B F A CTOR Use this menu to set the v er tical and hor izontal z ooming factor . The factor set under this men u directly affects the z oom rate of the 3 In and 4 Out sub-menu tools under the ZOOM menu, as described above .
56 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Features — Basic Keyboar d E TRIG 1 sin X Use this when the equation contains a sine function. 2 cos X Use this when the equation contains a cosine function. 3 tan X Use this when the equation contains a tangent func- tion.
57 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard U : Press this button to tr ace the graph dra wn on the screen, to obtain the X-Y coordinates: 1. While the graph is displa yed, press the U ke y . The cursor appears, flashing on the graph line , with the present X-Y coordinates.
58 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Features — Basic Keyboar d • When @ " are pressed on the gr aph screen, the graph and table are displa yed on the same screen. • When @ " are pressed on the equation input screen, the graph and equation are displa yed on the same screen.
59 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard Y G G Y G@ " Y@ " @ " The follo wing illustration shows these relationships . • The split screen is alwa ys in the trace mode . Therefore , the cursor pointer appears on the gr aph.
60 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Features — Basic Keyboar d k : Calculations can be performed on the entered graph equation(s). Press @ k to access. The f ollowing 6 sub-menu tools are av ailab le: 1 V alue With this sub-menu tool, the Y value can be obtained by enter ing an X v alue.
61 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard 4 Maxim um Finds the maximum of the giv en graph, and places the flashing cursor at that position.
62 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Features — Basic Keyboar d 2. Press @ , and d to enter the DRA W menu, then press G to select G SHADE . The SHADE sub-menu appears. 3. Press 1 to select 1 SET . The “Set shade” windo w appears. 4. Using the cursor ke ys, mov e the cursor pointer to the appropriate position.
63 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard f : The graph appearance can be set and v erified under this menu. Press @ f to access. A –––––– Displa ys the current FORMA T settings.
64 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Features — Basic Keyboar d 1. Press @ , . The substitution feature screen will appear . The equation on which the cursor pointer is located and its va riables are display ed on the right of the screen. If variab les (characters) contain no values, the g raph is not dra wn.
65 Chapter 4: Basic Graphing Featur es — Basic Keyboard 2. Press 2 E . (2 is input to A.) The graph f or “Y1 = 2X 2 ” i s dra wn. (Since B and C hav e no v alues, they are ignored.) At this time, the gr aph for Y2 is also drawn. Y2 also uses v ar iable A which is used in Y1.
66 Chapter 5 Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboar d Note: To tr y the e xamples in the chapter , it is required that the Advanced K eyboard is already set up by the user . T o learn how to set up the Advanced K eyboard, read “Changing the K eyboard” in Chapter 1.
67 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard PROCEDURE 1. Since the angle of ele vation is measured in degrees , the calculator’ s angle setting will need to be matched with that. Press @ ; to br ing up the SETUP men u. 2. On the right side of the SETUP menu, the current setup will be display ed.
68 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard s Enters a sine function to be used in a trigonometric expression. c Enters a cosine function to be used in a trigonometric expression. t Enters a tangent function to be used in a trigonometric expres- sion.
69 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard The follo wing math functions can be accessed with the use of @ ke y . T o lear n the basic steps of how to access the second function of each k ey , refer to the section “Second Function K ey” of Chapter 2.
70 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard x Raises a preceding v alue to the power of - 1. If no value is preceded, then the cursor will be placed at the base. _ Enters an a th root of a base. When a value precedes, then the v alue will be incorporated as the index n umber .
71 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard 02 2 X 2 v alue Raises 2 to a power . Sets the cursor to e xponent. 03 fmin( fmin( equation, lower limit of x, upper limit of x ) Retur ns the v alue of var iable x when the equation Y has the minimum v alue within the specified range of x .
72 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard 08 ∑ ( ∑ ( e xpression, initial value, end value [, increment] ) Retur ns the cumula- tive sum of a giv en e xpression from an initial value to an end v alue in the specified increment v alue (if not specified, default increment is 1).
73 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard 18 sinh -1 sinh -1 v alue Enters an inv erse h yperbolic sine . 19 cosh -1 cosh -1 v alue Enters an inv erse h yperbolic cosine . 20 tanh -1 tanh -1 v alue Enters an inv erse hyperbolic tangent.
74 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard C PROB These sub-menu items are useful f or probability calculations. Ref er to “Chapter 3: Basic Calculations — Basic Ke yboard” for details. A comprehensive list of men u items can be found in the Appendix.
75 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard Rectangular to polar coordinate conv ersion functions Conv ersion formulas: r = (x 2 + y 2 ) 1/2 , θ = tan -1 (y/x) 3 xy → r( xy → r( x coordinate, y coor dinate ) Retur ns polar coordinate radius v alue from X-Y rectangular coordi- nates.
76 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard E ANGLE Use these tools to enter the symbols to specify angle units. 1 ° Inser ts a symbol f or “degrees”. 2 ’ Inser ts a symbol f or “minutes”. 3 ” Inser ts a symbol for “seconds”.
77 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard G LOGIC Use the LOGIC sub-menu items to perf or m boolean operations . In the N-base calculation mode (binar y , octal, decimal and hexadecimal), A LOGIC will directly appear when M is pressed.
78 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard 4 neg neg v alue Enters a “neg” logic figure. M 4 1 E Note: “4 neg” menu appears only in the N-base calculation (binar y , octal, decimal and hexadecimal) mode . 5 xor v alue A xor v alue B Enters an Exclusive- OR (xor) logic figure.
79 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard 2 real( real( complex n umber ) Retur ns the real par t of a comple x number (or list of complex numbers). 3 image( image( complex n umber ) Retur ns the imagi- nar y par t of a comple x number (or list of comple x numbers).
80 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard Example • Calculate (3 + 4 i ) × (4 – 6 i ) Note: It is possible to input comple x numbers ( i ) in the real n umber mode, ho wev er an error message will return.
81 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard 5. T OOL Menu The T OOL menu contains items to help calculating in diff erent number systems, as w ell as to help solve both linear and polynomial equation. Press @ V to access the T OOL menu. Press the # ke y (or @ q ) to escape from the menu.
82 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard B SYSTEM With this tool, linear equations containing up to 6 unknown v alues (i.e., ax + by + cz + du + ev + fw = g ) can be solv ed. 1. Press B to select B SYSTEM , and select the number of unknown v alues.
83 Chapter 5: Advanced Calculations — Advanced Keyboard 3. Enter the values , as shown in the screen to the right. Pressing E at each entr y will store the value , and sets the cursor at the next entry area. 4. When done, press @ h to e x ecute the calculation.
84 Chapter 6 Advanced Graphing Featur es — Advanced Keyboar d In this chapter , some real-life situations are f eatured. Y ou are encouraged to modify the examples to mak e your o wn graph schemes. Note: To tr y the e xamples in this chapter , it is required that the Advanced K eyboard is already set up by the user .
85 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d CONCEPT 1. Grasp the idea of sequential equations. 2. Use the graph tracing function to obtain appro ximate values . PROCEDURE 1. First, let us set the calculator to the appropriate graphing coordinate mode.
86 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 7. Press G to dra w the graph. 8. If the line is outside of the graph’ s range, press Z then 1 to select automatic zoom. This will only displa y a small por tion of the graph, so the graph’ s range will need to be changed.
87 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 2. Graphing P arametric Equations A two-dimensional parametric equation assumes that both X and Y are represented by functions in a third variable T .
88 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 3. P olar Graphing P olar coordinates are a different method of specifying a point in tw o dimensions; the location of the point is described by the distance from the X-Y intersect “r”, and its elev ation angle “ θ ”.
89 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 4. Graphing Sequences The sequence graph mode can store and sim ultaneously draw three gr aph equations u(n) , v(n) , and w(n) . Va riables u , v , and w are entered as @ u (or v , w ). Use X to enter the natural number n .
90 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d phase-based (uv , uw , or vw) The u n values will be plotted against the v n v alues (uv).
91 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 4. Now , go to the Graph Equation Entr y window b y pressing Y . The cursor is set at the first line u( n ); pressing C will clear any pre vious entr y , as well as to put the cursor at the right side of the equation.
92 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d The calculator can accept up to three sequential equation entries. W e will use the v set, since the u set already has an entr y . Move the cursor do wn to the v(n) entry area, and press C .
93 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 3. Press the Y ke y to go to the Graph Equation Entry window . 4. At the first equation entr y row , enter u(n - 1) + 100 . When done entering, press E . 5. At the next entry row , make sure that it has the star ting value “0”.
94 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 2. Press Y to v er ify the pre viously entered polar graph equation, then press G to dra w the graph. Adjust the view b y using Z menu items . 3. Press @ k . 4. Press 1 to select 1 V alue .
95 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 6. Format Setting Y ou can set up the Graph screen f or mat from the FORMA T menu. Press @ f to displa y the Graph format menu. Note: G TYPE appears only when the sequence coordinate graph mode is selected.
96 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d F CURSOR The coordinate system that indicates. The location selected b y the trace or other function can be selected from 1 RectCoord (Rectangular coordinates) or 2 P olarCoor d (P olar coordinates) (In the parametric system, the T indication is added.
97 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d D EXP 2 e x Use this tool when the equation contains a f or m of “ e x ”. 4 In X Use this tool when the equation contains a form of “ In x ”. E TRIG 4 sin –1 X Use this when the equation contains an arc sine function.
98 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 8. Setting a Windo w The W ke y displays the gr aph window setup . The display will differ according to the selected coordinate system. See also Chapter 4 “Basic Graphing F eatures — Basic K eyboard” on pages 57 to 58 f or details of rectangular coordinate system settings.
99 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 9. T ab les The calculator enables y ou to illustrate the changes using the equation and graph y ou hav e input. It also has tab les for showing a list of X and Y values . Each column item can displa y up to 7 digits, including a sign and/or a decimal point.
100 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d P olar coor dinate system • The v ar iable θ is displa yed in the left end column. • The columns θ , R1 to R3 are displa yed on the first screen. • Press ; ' to horizontally scroll the table .
101 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d User: Displays a b lank table . As you input v alues for v ariable columns, table v alues are automatically calculated by the equation. Thus, although T ableStart and T ableStep inputs can be made when selecting User , set values will be ignored.
102 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 10. The DRA W Function With the DRA W function, lines, circles , graphs, and pix el points can be added to the graph window .
103 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 2 Line( Draws a line according to the giv en X-Y coordinates of a star t/end point. Note: This tool can be used with any type of g raph. Line(x-coordinate of start point, y-coordinate of start point, x-coor dinate of end point, y-coordinate of end point [,0]) Example 1.
104 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 2. Press A to select A DRA W , then press 2 to select 2 Line( . The GRAPH window reap- pears, with the coordinate of the cursor showing at the bottom of the screen. Note: To change the cursor coordinate system, use the FORMA T menu.
105 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d H_Line Example •D raw a horizontal line manually . 1. Press @ d A 3 . 2. Use the cursor navigation k eys ( { } ; ' ) to mov e the flashing cursor to the appropriate position. 3. Press E to dra w the line.
106 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d T_line( equation, x-value ) Example •D raw the tangental line of y = x 2 at x = 1 . 1. Select T_Line( . 2. Enter “x 2 , 1)” on the line. 3. Press E . Note: It is also possible to specify a function equation from Y0 to Y9 if stored.
107 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 6 Draw Draw equation Draws an additional g raph based on a given e xpres- sion. Example •D raw the gr aph of y = 3x 2 -4x+2 . 1. Select Draw . 2. Enter “3x 2 – 4x + 2” on the line.
108 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 8 DrawIn v DrawIn v equation Draws an in verse of a giv en graph e xpression. Example •D raw the in verse gr aph of y = 1 4 x 2 – 8 . 1. Select DrawIn v . 2. Enter “ 1 4 x 2 – 8” on the line.
109 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 0 T ext( T ext( column, ro w, “ strings ”) Enters a te xt str ing at a giv en coordinate. Example •D raw “HELLO” on the graph at column 2, ro w 1. Te xt(2, 1, “HELLO”) Note: Use M E 3 E to enter “”(double quotes).
110 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 1 PntON( PntON( x-coordinate, y-coordinate ) Draws a point at a giv en coordinate. It takes the X-Y coordinate as an argument. This tool can either be accessed from the GRAPH window or other windo ws.
111 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d 7 PxlTST( PxlTST( column, ro w ) Retur ns “1” if a pix el point is present at a given screen location indicated by column and ro w . Retur ns "0" if no pix el point exists .
112 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d E G_D A T A All graph data, including the g raph equations and window settings, can be stored in 10 g raph storage areas (1-9, and 0), which can be called up later . 1 StoGD StoGD n umber (0-9) Sav es the graph data.
113 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d Note: Attempting to call back gr aph data from an empty location will result in an error . F PICT Stores and recalls the display ed pix el data for the gr aph window . The graph equations will not be sa ved or recalled with these tools.
114 Chapter 6: Advanced Graphing Features — Advanced Keyboar d G SHADE With these sub-menu tools, inequalities , intersections and compliments of multiple gr aphs can be visualized. 1 SET Sets up the shading area for each g raph. Ref er to “3. Other Useful Graphing F eatures” in Chapter 4 of this manual to learn how to utilize this tool.
115 Chapter 7 SLIDE SHOW Featur e The SLIDE SHOW f eature is especially incor porated to help students understand math concepts utilizing the calculator’ s graphing capabilities. With this f eature, the calculator’ s screen images can be captured, organized, and stored.
116 Chapter 7: SLIDE SHOW Feature 4. Press Y to enter the graph equation mode . 5. Enter (x – 3)(x – 1)(x + 2) at the first equation. 6. Press @ n . The message “STORE SCREEN: 01” will appear . The image will be stored on page 1 of the SLIDE SHO W “CUBIC, ” and the screen will automatically return to the pre vious screen.
117 Chapter 7: SLIDE SHOW Feature Playing bac k the newly created SLIDE SHO W 1. Press ] to go to the SLIDE SHOW men u. Press B to select B PLA Y . A list of sav ed SLIDE SHO W projects will be shown. 2. Select the one you w ant to play bac k, either by using the shor tcut ke y strokes, or b y moving the cursor .
118 Chapter 7: SLIDE SHOW Feature 6. Go down to the last captured image using the } key . 7. Press E to mark the image. 8. Go up to the page 3 using the { key . 9. Press E . The marked image will be inser ted at page 3. 2. The SLIDE SHO W menu This section of the chapter summarizes each item in the SLIDE SHO W feature menu.
119 Chapter 7: SLIDE SHOW Feature 1. While in the SLIDE SHOW men u, press E to select E EDIT , then press 1 to select the 1 MO VE sub-men u item. 2. With the { and } cursor ke ys, select the captured image you wish to mo ve, then press E .
120 Chapter 8 Matrix Featur es Within the Matrix features , up to ten different matrices can be entered. To get to the Matrix features , press @ m . Define and edit the matrices within this mode too .
121 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 1. Press @ m to enter the MA TRIX menu. 2. Press B to select EDIT and then 1 to select 1 mat A . 3. Press 3 E 4 E to define the dimensions of the matrix (3 rows × 4 columns). 4. Press 3 E 2 E 1 E 3 9 E to enter the first row of 3x + 2y + z = 39 .
122 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 10 . Press E . The reduced row echelon f orm of the matr ix is display ed. Display Solution 1x + 0y + 0z = x = 9.25 0x + 1y + 0z = y = 4.25 0x + 0y + 1z = z = 2.75 2. Entering and Vie wing a Matrix Up to 5 rows b y 3 columns of elements can be display ed on the screen.
123 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 1. Press appropriate number ke ys to enter numbers at the 1st row and 1st column. The number is displa yed at the bottom of the screen. 2. Press E . The cursor mov es to the 1st row , 2nd column. 3. Sequentially input the element data.
124 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 3. Normal Matrix Operations Many calculations can be made betw een a matr ix and a real number or between matrices. Examples of each calculation are as f ollows: To add or subtract matrices, the dimensions m ust be the same.
125 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 4. Special Matrix Operations This calculator has three Matrix calculation menus: OPE , MA TH and [ ] . Examples of each calculation are as f ollows: Calculations using OPE menus 01 dim( dim( matrix name ) Returns the dimensions of the specified matr ix.
126 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 03 cum ul cumul matrix name Returns the cumulative matrix. Example • Obtain the cumulativ e sum of mat A. cumulativ e sum of a ij = a i1 + a i2 + ...... + a ij 04 augment( augment( matrix name , matrix name ) Appends the second matrix to the first matrix as new columns .
127 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 07 ro w_swap( ro w_swap( matrix name , ro w number , ro w number ) Returns the matr ix with specified rows s wapped. Example •S w ap the 2nd and 3rd rows in the matrix E.
128 Chapter 8: Matrix Features 11 mat → list( Creates lists with elements from each column in the matrix. If dimensions of columns is greater than the number of lists specified, e xtra columns are ignored. Also , if it is less than the number of lists specified, e xtra lists are ignored.
129 Chapter 8: Matrix Features Calculations using MA TH menus 1 det det matrix name Returns the deter minant of a square matrix. The determinant can only be applied to a matr ix which has the same row and column dimensions . Example • Giv e the deter minant of matrix A.
130 Chapter 8: Matrix Features Use of [ ] menus Using [ ] menus , you can manually enter a matrix on the calculation screen. 1. Press @ m E 1 ( [ ) at the beginning of the matrix. 2. Press @ m 1 ( [ ) to indicate the beginning of the first row . Once you enter the manual matrix entry mode, you can directly enter “or” by selecting 1 or 2 .
131 Chapter 9 List Featur es By analyzing years of data, w e found that it tak es the dr iv er of a car approximately 0.75 seconds to react to a situation bef ore actually applying the brak es. Once the brake pedal is depressed, it takes additional time f or the car to come to a complete stop .
132 Chapter 9: List Features Note: •Y ou can also perform the abov e calculation using the direct list input method (using braces). 1.1 | {30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80} + 0.06 | {30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80} y and press E . • In the Basic mode, y ou can access L1 to L6 from A NAME and “{ }” (braces) from E {} in the LIST menu.
133 Chapter 9: List Features 2. Creating a list A list is a series of values enclosed by br aces, and is treated as a single v alue in calculations or an equations. The calculator has 6 storage areas f or lists from L1 to L6. Y ou can edit or access lists b y pressing @ 1 to 6 (numer ic k eys from 1 to 6).
134 Chapter 9: List Features 1. Press 10 | @ 1 R @ 3 E . 2. Press s @ 3 E . “... ” shows that results extend be yond the displa y to the r ight. Use ; , ' to scroll left or r ight, respectively . 3. Press @ 1 + @ 2 E . 4. Press _ 3 R @ 1 ( 3 ) A / @ 1 E .
135 Chapter 9: List Features 4. Special List Operations This calculator has three list calculation menus: OPE, MA TH and L_DA T A. * In the Basic mode, L1 to L6 (list names) can be accessed from the LIST men u. Calculations using the OPE menu functions 1 sortA( sor tA( list name ) Sor ts lists in ascending order .
136 Chapter 9: List Features 3 dim( dim( list ) Returns the number of items (dimension) in the list. Example • Displa y the dimension of list L1. natural number ⇒ dim( list name ) Set the number of items (dimension) of specified list to the specified number .
137 Chapter 9: List Features 5 seq( seq( equation , start value , end value[ , increments] ) target list name Makes a list using the specified equation, r ange (star t value and end value) and increments . Example • Fill the list using the equation y = x 2 – 8 , where x increases from - 4 to 4 by increments of 2.
138 Chapter 9: List Features 8 augment( augment( list 1 , list 2 ) Returns a list appending the specified lists. Example • Obtain the list appending L1 ({4, 2, 7}) and L2 ({ - 1, - 3, - 4}).
139 Chapter 9: List Features Calculations using MA TH Menus During the following e xplanations, the values of lists , L1 and L2 will be assumed to be: L1 = {2, 8, - 4} L2 = { - 3, - 4, - 1} 1 min( min( list ) Returns the minimum value in the list. Example • Calculate the minimum v alue of the list L1.
140 Chapter 9: List Features 4 median( median( list [, frequency list] ) Returns the median value of items in the specified list. Example • Calculate the median v alue of the list L2. 5 sum( sum( list [ , start number , end number] ) Returns the sum of items in the specified list.
141 Chapter 9: List Features 7 stdDv( stdDv( list [, frequency list] ) Returns the standard deviation of the specified list items. Example • Calculate the standard deviation using the list items of list L2. 8 varian( v arian( list [, frequency list] ) Returns the variance of the specified list items.
142 Chapter 9: List Features 3. Press G . Tw o graphs are dr awn as shown on the right. In this case, the first one represents the equation y = 3x 2 + 5x + 2 and the second y = - 2x 2 + 3x + 4. Y ou can also use L1 to L6 to enter the equation; 1. Set the lists L1 to L3 as f ollo ws; {3, - 2} ⇒ L1, {5, 3} ⇒ L2, {2, 4} ⇒ L3, and then 2.
143 Chapter 9: List Features 2 RclLD Rc lLD natural number (0-9) Recall the stored group of lists f or use. Any current list data (not stored in L_D A T A) is ov erwritten. Example 1. Press @ l and select C 2 . 2. Enter the number to recall and press E .
144 Chapter 9: List Features How to edit the list 1. Press S and select A EDIT , then press E . 2. Use the cursor ke ys to mov e the cursor to the target cell. 3. Enter the new v alue and press E . The new v alue will be stored in the target cell. * The displa y on the bottom line relates to the cell where the cursor pointer is located.
145 Chapter 10 Statistics & Regr ession Calculations The follo wing table shows the access counts (per hour) of a certain web site from Sunda y midnight to Monday midnight. Let’ s input these data into the calculator (List function) and plot a histogram.
146 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 2. Select A EDIT and press E . The List table will appear . Initially , all elements are blank and the cursor pointer is located at L1-1 (top left). 3. Input 1 f or hour . 4. 1 will be displa yed at the bottom line of the displa y .
147 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 3. The first line shows if the graph dra wing is on or off. Initially , the graph dra wing is off . With the cursor pointer at the “on” position, press E to set the graph dra wing on. 4. Press } to mov e the cursor to the next line (D A T A).
148 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 15 . Select 9 Stat and press E . Y ou can directly press 9 at step 13 to select 9 Stat . The histogram will appear on the displa y .
149 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 8. Move the cursor to GRAPH and press [ . 9. Press B 2 (broken line with cross points). 10 . Press G . Now y ou can compare the diff erence in web site access counts between Sunda y and Monday .
150 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 2. Statistical e valuations av ailable under the C CALC menu 1_Stats 1-variab le (x) statistical a calculations x _ Mean of sample (x) sx Stand.
151 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations The web site access counts e xample on page 145 will be used again to demonstrate the calculation of statistical values . * If you did not pre viously enter the abov e values in the list tab le, press S and select A EDIT to displa y the list entr y mode and enter the values .
152 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations Calculating the pre vious two-variable statistical v alues can be perf or med in a single operation. Use a “ , ” (comma) to separate the two v ar iab les. 1. Press # C and S to display the statis- tics menu.
153 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 3. Graphing the statistical data Press [ to access the statistical graphing mode . The calculator can plot statistical data on up to 3 types of graph (PLO T1 to PLOT3) to chec k the state of distribution.
154 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations A broken line g raph for the frequency distribution of sample (x) Three types of points can be selected from circle, cross and square. The correlation of points between histogr am and broken line plot are shown on the right.
155 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations A box plot g raph of sample (x) A. The minimum value (xmin) of the sample (x) B. The first quar tile (Q1) C. Median (Med) of the sample (x) D. The third quar tile (Q3) E. The maximum value (xmax) of the sample (x) A modified bo x plot graph of sample (x) A.
156 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations Pie graph of sample (x) • Maximum number of division is 8. • Calculation range: 0 ≤ x < 10 100 • Data can be displa yed in two modes.
157 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 2. Specifying statistical graph and graph functions • Up to three graphs can be plotted per sample data. 1. Press [ . 2. Select from A PLO T1 , B PLO T2 or C PLO T3 and press E to set the statistical graphing specifications .
158 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 3. • T o set the all plotting ON: Press 1 ( 1 PlotON ). •T o set the all plotting OFF: Press 2 ( 2 PlotOFF ). *Y ou can control the plotting of PLO T1 to PLOT3 separ ately by pressing 1 ~ 3 after PlotON (or PlotOFF ).
159 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 4. Data list operations Descending sor t, ascending sor t, changing the list order and deleting the lists can be done in the Operation men u. Press S B OPE to access the data list operations . 1 sortA( sor tA( list ) Sor ts the list in ascending order .
160 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 5. Regression Calculations 1. Press S D REG . The Regression menu is displa yed. 01 Med_Med Med_Med (list name for x, list name for y [, frequency list] [, equation name to store]) Finds the regression line using the median-median method.
161 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 06 Rg_x 4 Rg_x 4 (list name for x, list name f or y [, frequenc y list] [, equation name to store]) Finds the regression curve using the f our th degree polynomial.
162 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 11 Rg_x –1 Rg_x –1 (list name for x, list name for y [, frequency list] [, equation name to store]) Finds the regression curve using the reciprocal function.
163 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 15 x’ v alue or list x’ Finds the estimated v alue of x for a giv en value of y b y applying the function determined by the regression. Example When the follo wing is entered as statistical data: x1 0 2 03 04 05 0 y2 0 4 06 08 01 0 0 Find estimated value of x giv en y = 140 .
164 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 1. Press S A E . 2. Enter the time into list 1 (L1). 3. Enter the temperature into list 2 (L2). 1. Press [ A E . 2. Press E to turn on the plotting. 3. Press } and ' to select XY of D A T A menu and press E .
165 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations • There are residuals between reg ression cur ves and actual v alues. • The residual list stores these residuals automatically . • The resid list can be f ound in B REGEQN of the ST A T V ARS menu ( @ z H E B 0 ).
166 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations • 16 InputList and 17 InputStats specify the abov e input methods. 16 InputList: Sets the input mode to the statistic data list method 17 InputStats: Sets the input mode to the value input mode F or e xample, press S E 1 6 E to set to the list input mode.
167 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 02 Ftest2samp Tw o samples data are tested for equality of standard de viation σ 1 and σ 2 . Example T est when population standard deviation σ 1 < σ 2 , n 1 = 20, standard deviation sx 1 = 5.
168 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 3. Press ' E } to select µ < µ 0 and press E . 4. Mov e the cursor pointer to µ 0 and input 65 and press E .
169 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 4. Press @ h . 05 TtestLinreg T ests the significance of the slope for the linear regression and its correlation coefficient ρ .
170 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 06 Tint1samp Finds the confidence interval for the population mean µ . Example Find the confidence interval for the statistical data of {65.6, 62.8, 66.0, 64.5, 65.1, 65.3, 63.8, 64.2, 63.5, 64.
171 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 1. Enter the abov e data in to lists L1 and L2. 2. Press S E 0 7 . The parameter input screen will appear .
172 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations • µ 0 indicates the h ypothesis mean, σ indicates the population standard deviation, x indicates the sample mean and n indicates the sample size. (“n” is a positive integer .) 4. Enter the appropriate value in each field.
173 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 10 Ztest1prop T ests the success probability P 0 of a population. Example A coin was tossed 100 times and landed head side up 42 times . Nor mally , the probability of head facing up is 0.5. T est to see if the coin is fair .
174 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 3. Press @ h . Answ ers will be display ed on the screen, where P ^ indi- cates the calculated success r ate of the data combined with sample data 1 and 2, and P ^ 1 and P ^ 2 show the success rates of sample data 1 and 2, respectively .
175 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 13 Zint2samp Finds the confidence bound of two sample means µ 1 and µ 2 . Example Find the confidence interval of µ 1 and µ 2 of sample data with the confidence lev el of 0.9, where x _ 1 = 77.
176 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 2. Enter the appropriate value into each field. 3. Press @ h . Answ ers will be display ed on the screen, where the numerical value within () indicates the confidence inter v al of the success probability at a confidence lev el of 95%.
177 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 7. Distribution functions The calculator has distribution f eatures to find statistical calculations. To enter the distribution menu, 1. Press S F (F DISTRI) . The distribution menu will appear .
178 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 03 In vNorm( InvNorm( pr obability [, mean, standard deviation] ) Finds the v alue of x of a given normal distr ibution probability . A list cannot be used. * When mean ( µ ) and standard de viation ( σ ) are omitted, µ = 0 and σ = 1 are applied.
179 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 05 cdfT( cdfT( lower limit, upper limit, degree of freedom ) Finds the T distribution probability within the specified range of x f or the T distribution with n degrees of freedom. A list cannot be used.
180 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 08 pdfF( pdfF( v alue, degree of freedom of numerator , degree of freedom of denominator ) Finds the probability density of a specified v alue x for the F distribution that possesses two independent degrees of freedom, m and n.
181 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 10 pdfbin( pdfbin( trial number , success pr obability [, success number]) ) Finds the probability density of a specified v alue x for the binomial distribution. A list cannot be used except f or success numbers.
182 Chapter 10: Statistics & Regression Calculations 13 cdfpoi( cdfpoi( mean, value ) Finds the probability of a specified range x f or a P oisson distribu- tion of mean mu.
183 Chapter 11 Financial Featur es The financial calculation f eatures include capabilities for compound interest calcula- tions. Press @ g . The financial menu screen will appear .
184 Chapter 11: Financial Features •V er tical arrows along the horizontal line indicate the cash flow . An UP arrow indicates inflo w ( + ) and a DOWN arro w indicates outflow ( – ). • The calculator considers the cash inflow f or each period is constant.
185 Chapter 11: Financial Features 11 . Input 360 for N (number of pa yment per iods) and press E . The cursor mov es to “I%”. 12 . Input 5 for I% (ann ual interest) and press E . 13 . Input 200000 for PV (present v alue) and press E . 14 . Press E .
186 Chapter 11: Financial Features 17 . Press E . Usually C/Y (cumulativ e interest per year) is the same value as P/Y . If not, enter the value instead. 18 . Press { 3 times to mov e the cursor to PMT (payment amount). 19 . Press @ h . The result will appear as follo ws.
187 Chapter 11: Financial Features Tr y it! 2 If the monthly payments in the first e xample is limit to a fixed $800, ho w much must be the present v alue (PV) and the required amount of down pa yment. 1. Press @ ; C 2 D 2 T AB is set to 2 and FSE is set to FIX.
188 Chapter 11: Financial Features •S o, the required amount of down pa yment is $300,000 – $149,025.29 = $150,974.71. Using the TVM-SOL VER screen, you can obtain v arious results by inputting the known variab les and then moving the cursor to the unknown v ariable and pressing @ h .
189 Chapter 11: Financial Features 2. CALC functions Press @ g B to access the CALC functions. The CALC functions 01 to 05 calculate any of the f ollowing va r iables from the other v ariables. (The same calculations are possible as the SOL VER functions.
190 Chapter 11: Financial Features 06 Npv ( Npv ( Interest rate, initial in vestment, list of following col- lected in vestment [, frequency list] ) Calculates the net present v alue and evaluates the v alidity of the inv estment. Y ou can enter unequal cash flows in the list of f ollo wing collected inv estment.
191 Chapter 11: Financial Features The follo wing CALC functions, 08 Bal , 09 Σ Prn and 10 Σ Int require the v alues of I%, PV and PMT va r iables . Enter the values bef orehand in the TVM- SOL VER function. Example using the 08 and 10 calculations Y ou plan to purchase a house f or the price of $300,000.
192 Chapter 11: Financial Features Con version functions 11 → Apr ( → Apr ( effective interest rate, number of settlements ) Conv er ts effectiv e interest rate to nominal interest rate Example If the effectiv e interest rate is 12.
193 Chapter 11: Financial Features 3. V ARS Menu The V ARS menu consist of a list of the v ar iables used f or the TVM-SOL VER functions. • The V ARS menu can be used to enter v alues in the sub-menu within the Finance menu. 1. Press @ g D . 2. The V ARS sub-menu will appear .
194 Chapter 12 The SOL VER Featur e The SOL VER feature is one of the calculator’ s most powerful and distinctiv e features , and helps you solv e math problems with v arious analysis methods. Using this f eature, problems from linear equations to comple x f or mulas can be solv ed with ease.
195 Chapter 12: The SOL VER Feature 1. Enter SOL VER by pressing @ ' . The word SOL VER will flash on the screen, indicating that you are no w in the SOL VER feature mode . 2. Enter the equation “A = 2B 2 + 4C”. Press A A A = 2 A B y + 4 A C.
196 Chapter 12: The SOL VER Feature Newton’ s method is a technique of finding appro ximate solutions to a math problem via calculus , when conv entional algebraic techniques just cannot work. If the Equation method f ails, the calculator will automatically s witch to Newton’ s method.
197 Chapter 12: The SOL VER Feature 6. The follo wing window shows the appro ximate value of X (0.449489742), the right side v alue of the equation (assumed as “0”, at step #2), the left side value (which the entered e xpression results to this value when the v alue X is entered), and the diff erence between the left and the right side.
198 Chapter 12: The SOL VER Feature The Graphic method is another wa y of approximating solutions , using graphical representations . This method is par ticularly useful when finding more than one solution on a graph axis . Example Obtain values f or “Y = X 3 – 3X 2 + 1”, when Y = 0.
199 Chapter 12: The SOL VER Feature Note: The analysis will be limited to the range specified; a solution outside of the analysis range will not be detected. If no crossing point is found in the r ange, then a message “No solution found” will show at the bottom of the screen.
200 Chapter 12: The SOL VER Feature 2. Saving/Renaming Equations f or Later Use The expressions y ou hav e entered in the SOL VER can be named and stored: 1. Go to the SOL VER menu by pressing @ ' . 2. Press C to select the C SA VE menu, and press E .
201 Chapter 12: The SOL VER Feature 3. Recalling a Previousl y Saved Equation To recall a stored SOL VER equation: 1. Go to the SOL VER menu, and press B to select the B EQTN sub-menu. 2. A list of sav ed equation names appears in the sub- menu. Select the equation you wish to call back.
202 Chapter 13 Pr ogramming Featur es The calculator has programming f eatures that enable automatic processing of a series of calculations any n umber of times. * The Programming f eatures are only suppor ted by the Adv anced mode. In the Basic mode, only the e x ecution of programs is av ailable.
203 Chapter 13: Programming Features 2. Press C E . A new prog ram window will open. 3. Input the program name (HELLO) on the top line of the screen. Up to 8 characters can be used f or the title. 4. Press E . 5. The cursor will mov e to the program input field just under the title.
204 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es When a line e xceeds the width of the screen, the display will shift to the left. 12 . Press E . The cursor will mov e to the next line and the data input will be stored. Store the program line b y line by pressing E , { or } .
205 Chapter 13: Programming Features After pressing E , } or { , the line will be stored in memory . Otherwise, it is not stored. Be sure to store the all lines by pressing E ( { or } ) before quitting editing (pressing @ q ). Blank lines are ignored during ex ecution.
206 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es 3. V ariables • Single letters (uppercase letter from A to Z and θ ) can be used as variab les. • Defined once in one program, a v ariable is set as a global variab le across all other stored programs unless redefined.
207 Chapter 13: Programming Features 5. Pr ogramming commands •P r int, Input, W ait, Rem, End and other commands can be used in a program. Screen settings, data input/output, gr aph settings and others can be controlled from a program. • Press P in the program edit mode to input the command.
208 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es 4 W ait W ait [ natural number (1 to 255) ] Interrupts ex ecution for the (natural number) of seconds . If no v alue is specified, interr up- tion continues until an y key is pressed. •A symbol will flash at the upper right cor ner of the screen during the wait.
209 Chapter 13: Programming Features B BRNCH menu P B See 6. Flow control tools on page 214. C SCRN menu P C C SCRN menu commands are used to displa y or clear the screen. 1 ClrT ClrT Clears the program te xt screen without aff ecting the plotted graph.
210 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es E SETUP menu P E SETUP menu commands are used to set the v arious settings used in graphing and calculations . 01 Rect Rect Sets the graph coordinates as X and Y coordinates. 02 Param P aram Sets the graph coordinates as par ametr ic coordinates.
211 Chapter 13: Programming Features 12 FloatPt FloatPt 13 Fix Fix 14 Sci Sci 15 Eng Eng 16 T ab T ab integer (0 to 9) Sets the number displa y mode to floating point, fixed decimal, scientific and engineering, respectively .
212 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es 07 AxisON AxisON Sets the specified axis to be displa yed on the gr aph screen. 08 AxisOFF AxisOFF Sets the specified axis to not be displa yed on the graph screen. 09 GridON GridON Sets the grid lines to be display ed on the graph screen.
213 Chapter 13: Programming Features G S_PLO T menu P G S_PLO T menu commands are used for statistics plotting. 1 Plt 1( Sets the statistical gr aph settings for plot 1. 2 Plt 2( Sets the statistical gr aph settings for plot 2. 3 Plt 3( Sets the statistical gr aph settings for plot 3.
214 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es 6. Flow contr ol tools The calculator has the common flow control tools such as Goto - Label loop struc- tures, and If-, F or- and While-statement clauses for enhancing a prog ram’ s efficiency . It also has the capability f or subroutines.
215 Chapter 13: Programming Features For v ariable, initial value, end value [, increment] commands or multiple statements Next • The increment v alue can be omitted. The default v alue is 1. •F or and Ne xt statements must be placed at the beginning of the line.
216 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es Gosub label name ..................... End [Rem star t of the subr outine (label name) ] Label label name Statements Return Subroutine structures can be used for progr amming. • The Gosub label name must be the same as the Label star ting the subroutine.
217 Chapter 13: Programming Features 5. Press P H , select 2 RclLine and press E . The stored line will be inser ted at the targeted position. • Please note that only a single line can be stored in the memor y . V ARS menu • Functions that control the graph screen can be selected from the V ARS menu.
218 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es • The commands and functions in the V ARS menu can be displa yed on the screen. Current setting data can also be reset. • The results of arithmetic functions can also be display ed. • The ZOOM command is selected directly from the ZOOM men u.
219 Chapter 13: Programming Features Example The follo wing data are included in list L1. L1: 165, 182.5, 173.8, 166.5, 185.3 A one-variab le calculation was ex ecuted based on this data. After returning to the calculation screen, aver age values can be view ed by using the f ollowing procedure.
220 Chapter 13: Programming Featur es Execution can be interrupted b y pressing O . Use this command if the program enters an infinite loop . Press ; or ' to displa y the program source with the cursor on the line where interrupted. * Ref er to Appendix “Error Codes and Error Messages” on page 235.
221 Chapter 13: Programming Features 10 ⇒ dim(L1) Gosub INSCORE Gosub A V GSCORE Plt1(Hist, L1) Zm_Stat W ait End Label INSCORE 1 ⇒ I Input “ENTER SCORE”, A A ⇒ L1(1) 2 ⇒ I F or I, 2, 10 I.
222 Chapter 14 OPTION Menu The calculator is equipped with OPTION menu f or adjusting the display contr ast, checking memory usage, deleting stored data, transf erring data, and resetting the calculator’ s memor y . Accessing the OPTION Menu Press @ p .
223 Chapter 14: OPTION Menu 3. If you w ant check the details, press E . The detailed memor y usage window will appear . The total remaining memory will appear on the bottom line of the screen.
224 Chapter 14: OPTION Menu 3. Deleting files Press @ p C to enter the delete menu. The sub-menu items are the same as those of the Memory Check menu (List, Matrix, Graph Eqn, Solv er Eqn, Program, Picture, G_Data, L_Data and Slide). Deletions can be ex ecuted entr y by entry .
225 Chapter 14: OPTION Menu 2. Press @ p D on both calculators. 3. Press 2 on the receiv- ing machine. The receive mode screen will appear on the displa y . 4. Press 1 on the sending machine. 5. The send menu will appear on the displa y . Specify the data to send from the f ollowing categories.
226 Chapter 14: OPTION Menu 6. Select the item to send using { / } and pressing E . A “ ✱ ” will be placed by the selected item. 7. Press @ E to send. 8. T ransmission begins and a b usy message will appear on the displays of the both calculators.
227 Chapter 14: OPTION Menu • The optional kit CE-LK2 (cable and Windows software) is required f or calculator to data communication with PC. • Ref er to the CE-LK2 operation manual f or details. • During communications between calculator and PC , no opera- tion of the calculator is required.
228 Appendix 1. Replacing Batteries The calculator uses two diff erent kinds of batteries: manganese (AAA) for unit operation, and lithium (CR2032) f or memor y backup .
229 Appendix Once e ver y 5 y ears, the lithium batter y will need to be replaced. The lithium battery is used to maintain the memor y of the calculator . Note: Do not remov e the lithium batter y while the unit operation batteries are removed; otherwise all the calculator’ s stored memory will be lost.
230 Appendix 1. P erf or m procedures 1 and 2, as shown abov e. Do not remov e the unit operation batteries. 2. Remov e the screw and the lithium batter y cov er , as shown. 3. Use a pen to lift the lithium batter y out of the battery compar tment. 4.
231 Appendix 2. T r oubleshooting Guide Ref er to the list of possible symptoms, and solutions ma y be found here . The calculator’ s power won’t turn on! • The operation batteries ma y not be installed, may be e x- hausted, or ma y be inser ted incorrectly .
232 Appendix The screen images cannot be stored (SLIDE SHO W) • The av ailable memory may be too small to store the screen image. Select “B MEMCHK” under @ p men u.
233 Appendix 3. Specifications Model EL-9900 Product name Graphing Calculator Display 132 x 64 dot matrix liquid crystal display Number of digits: mantissa 10 digits, e xponents 2 digits (standard screen); 7 digit displa y (including negatives, decimals) f or table screen, split screen, etc.
234 Appendix List features Direct data entr y/edit to list, calculation function f or various lists, and list/matrix conv ersion. Substitution features Graph drawing, numerical input from split-screen Slide Show f eatures Screen image capture, pla y function The maximum number of pa ges to be captured: Appro x.
235 Appendix 4. Error Codes and Err or Messages Error Code Description Error Message Syntax Syntax error f ound in equation/program Calculate Calculation-related error f ound (division by 0, calculation bey ond range, etc.) Nesting Cannot nest more than 14 numerical values , or 32 functions during ex ecution.
236 Appendix 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 70 71 90 99 T oo many obj More than 30 objects selected. Lbl duplicate Labels with identical name f ound in program. Lbl undefined Goto/Gosub encountered with no defined label. Lbl o ver More than 50 labels f ound in program.
237 Appendix 5. Error Conditions Relating to Specific T asks 1. Financial * Define constants “r” and “s” as used in the equation below . r = S = 1 (Pmt_Begin) S = 0 (Pmt_End) ( {} ) ÷ C/Y + 1 – 1 , I (%) 100 C/Y P/Y 1.
238 Appendix 3. FV calculation 1 If r ≠ 0, r > - 1 1 – (1 + r) - n r PV + (1 + r × s) × × PMT (1 + r) - n FV = – 2 If r = 0 FV = - n × PMT – PV 3 If r ≤ - 1 Error 4. PMT calculation 1 If r ≠ 0, r > - 1 1 – (1 + r) - n r PMT = – (1 + r × s) × PV + FV × (1 + r) - n 2 If r = 0 PMT = – PV + FV n 3 If r ≤ - 1 Error 5.
239 Appendix Calculation result → Xreg Calculation result → Xreg µ : Mean σ : Standard deviation Howe ver : Γ (s) = ∫ ∞ 0 x s – 1 e - x dx 2. Error conditions during financial calculations •r ≤ - 1 •N = 0 in PMT calculations • I% = 0 and PMT = 0, or I% ≠ 0 and FV = (1/r) (1 + r × s) × PMT , in N calculations.
240 Appendix 3 pdf χ 2 ( f ( χ 2 , df) = df 2 2 Γ ( ) df 2 – 1 χ 2 2 e ( - ) χ 2 2 ( ) 1 4 pdfF( f (x) = ( ) m 2 m + n 2 m + n 2 Γ ( ) n 2 Γ ( ) Γ ( ) m n (1 + ) mx n x – 1 m 2 m 2 - 5 pdfbin( P (x = 0) = (1 – p) n P (x = c + 1) = P (x = c) (n – c) p (c + 1)(1 – p) (c = 0, 1, .
241 Appendix 6. Calculation Range 1. Arithmetic calculation The results f or dividend, multiplicand and operand are: - 1 × 10 100 < x ≤ - 1 × 10 - 99 , 1 × 10 - 99 < x ≤ 1 × 10 100 or x = 0 (valid within the r ange of display capability) Note: Calculation results and input values less than 1 × 10 - 99 are considered equal to 0.
242 Appendix ln x log x e x 10 x x - 1 x 2 x n! a b (^) b a nPr nCr dec bin oct hex Function Calculation range Notes ln x = log e x e . = . 2.71828... x ≠ 0 n is an integer or integer + 0.5 a b = 10 b·log a b a = 10 1 a log b n and r are positive integers x is an integer 1 × 10 - 99 ≤ x < 1 × 10 100 - 1 × 10 100 < x ≤ 230.
243 Appendix Function Calculation range Notes → dms → deg xy → r xy → θ r θ → x r θ → y not neg Statistic calcula- tions r = x 2 + y 2 θ = tan - 1 y x x = r cos θ y = r sin θ The ran.
244 Appendix Function Calculation range Notes x _ sx σ x r b a y’ x’ Same f or y _ , sy and σ y Regression calcula- tions e xcluding 2nd, 3rd, and 4th degree polynomials.
245 Appendix 3. Comple x number calculation In a comple x number calculation, a calculation error may occur and increase due to inner continuous calculations . Function Calculation range Notes int ÷ remain % → a b/c → b/c List Matrix This is the same when the result of a list function speci- fies 1000 or more elements.
246 Appendix 7. CA T ALOG Feature Press @ j to displa y the CA T ALOG menu. Y ou can directly access v ar ious f eatures and commands from the CA T ALOG menu.
247 Appendix 8. List of Menu/Sub-men u Items CA T ALOG function lets you access almost all the functions and commands . Square brac kets indicate that the value or v ariable is optional.
248 Appendix M M M M NUM abs( abs( val u e ) B 1 B 1 73/43 round( round( va lue [, digit number of decimals] ) B 2 B 2 73/44 ipar t ipar t val u e B 3 B 3 73/44 fpar t fpar t val u e B 4 B 4 73/44 int.
249 Appendix 2. LIST menus g val u e g E 5 76 M M M M INEQ = va lue A = va lue B F 1 76 ≠ va lue A ≠ va lue B F 2 76 > va lue A > va lue B F 3 76 ≥ va lue A ≥ va lue B F 4 76 < va lue.
250 Appendix L2 No arguments A 2 132 L3 No arguments A 3 132 L4 No arguments A 4 132 L5 No arguments A 5 132 L6 No arguments A 6 132 sor tA( sortA( list name [, subordinate list name1, ... , subordinate list name n] ) A 1 B 1 135 sor tD( sortD( list name [, subordinate list name1, .
251 Appendix 3. ST A T menu s @ @ @ @ l l l l { } { No arguments E 1 132 } No arguments E 2 132 Functions Commands Syntax Ke ystrokes Pag e Advanced mode Basic mode S S S S EDIT/OPE EDIT No arguments A E A E 149 sor tA( sortA( list [, subordinate list 1, .
252 Appendix Rg_ab x Rg_ab x ( list name for x, list name f or y [, frequency list ] [ , equation name to store] ) D 0 9 D 4 161 Rg_ae bx Rg_ae bx ( list name for x, list name f or y [, frequency list.
253 Appendix 4. ST A T PLO T menus cdfnorm( cdfnor m( lower limit, upper limit [,mean, standard deviation] ) F 0 2 177 InvNorm( InvNorm( probability [, mean, standard de viation] ) F 0 3 178 pdfT( pdf.
254 Appendix 5. DRA W menus Broken + No arguments B 2 B 2 154 Broken No arguments B 3 B 3 154 Norm •_X No arguments C 1 C 1 154 Norm+_X No arguments C 2 C 2 154 Norm _X No arguments C 3 C 3 154 Norm.
255 Appendix 6. ZOOM menus Draw Draw equation A 6 A 6 107 Shade( Shade( equation 1, equation 2 [, begin, end] ) A 7 A 7 107 Dr aw In vD rawInv equation A 8 A 8 108 Circle( Circle( x-coordinate of cent.
256 Appendix In Zm_In No arguments A 3 A 3 54 Out Zm_Out No arguments A 4 A 4 54 Default Zm_Default No arguments A 5 A 5 54 Square Zm_Square No arguments A 6 A 6 54 Dec Zm_Dec No arguments A 7 A 7 54 .
257 Appendix 7. CALC menus sin -1 x Zm_sin -1 No arguments E 4 97 cos -1 x Zm_cos -1 No arguments E 5 97 tan -1 x Zm_tan -1 No arguments E 6 97 Z Z Z Z HYP/ST O/RCL sinh x Zm_sinh No arguments F 1 97 .
258 Appendix 8. SLIDE SHO W menus 9. PRGM menus Functions Commands Syntax Ke ystrokes Pag e Advanced mode Basic mode ] ] ] ] CURR/PLA Y/NEW/SELECT/EDIT CURR No arguments A E A E 118 PLA Y No arguments.
259 Appendix For F or va ri able, start value, end v alue [, increment] commands Next B 0 7 215 Next B 0 8 215 While While conditional statements commands WEnd B 0 9 215 WEnd B 1 0 215 Gosub Gosub lab.
260 Appendix Decimal No arguments E 1 7 211 Mixed No arguments E 1 8 211 Improp No arguments E 1 9 211 x ± yi No arguments E 2 0 211 r ∠ θ No arguments E 2 1 211 P P P P (in the Pr gramming mode) .
261 Appendix 10. MA TRIX menus P P P P (in the Pr gramming mode) COPY StoLine No arguments H 1 216 RclLine No arguments H 2 217 Functions Commands Syntax Ke ystrokes Pag e Advanced mode Basic mode @ @.
262 Appendix 11. FINANCE menus augment( augment( matrix name A, matrix name B ) C 0 4 126 identity identity dimension value C 0 5 126 r nd_mat( rnd_mat( number of row , number of column ) C 0 6 126 ro.
263 Appendix 12. T OOL menu s Irr( Irr( initial inv estment, list of follo wing collected inv estment [, frequency list] [, assumed rev enue rate] ) B 0 7 190 Bal( Bal( number of pa yments [, decimal .
264 Appendix 13. SOL VER menus 6 No arguments B 6 82 2 No arguments C 2 82 3 No arguments C 3 82 Functions Commands Syntax Ke ystrokes Pag e Adv anced mode Basic mode @ @ @ @ ' ' ' &apo.
265 Appendix INDEX : (colon) ......................................................... 134, 214 (n-1)-based (Web), sequence ................................ 90 “, PRGM ................................................................ 207 1_Stats, CALC .
266 Appendix CONV ..................................................................... 48 CONV , MA TH ..................................................... 74 Conv ersion ......................................................... 4 8 Conv ersion keys, fr action and decimal .
267 Appendix F FA CT OR, ZOOM .................................................... 55 F actor ial .................................................................. 48 F actor ial, PROB ................................................. 74 fill(, OPE .
268 Appendix K Ke y, PRGM ........................................................... 2 08 Ke yboard, changing the ........................................... 9 L Label, BRNCH ...................................................... 214 lcm( ...........
269 Appendix OPE menu, List .................................................... 135 OPE menu, Matrix ............................................ 125 OPE menu, ST A T ............................................. 15 9 Operand, programming ...........
270 Appendix RclLD , L_DA T A ..................................................... 143 RclPict, PICT ........................................................ 113 RclWin, ZOOM ....................................................... 56 Real par t, COMPLX .
271 Appendix SLIDE SHOW ....................................................... 115 SLIDE SHO W key ................................................ 6 SLIDE SHOW men u ......................................... 11 8 slv_FV , CALC ......................
272 Appendix uw , TYPE ................................................................ 96 V V alue, CALC ........................................................... 60 Va r iable, prog ramming ......................................... 206 Va r iable , store .
This equipment complies with the requirements of Directive 89/336/EEC as amended by 93/68/EEC . Dieses Gerät entspricht den Anforderungen der EG-Richtlinie 89/336/EWG mit Änderung 93/68/EWG. Ce matériel répond aux exigences contenues dans la directiv e 89/336/CEE modifiée par la directive 93/68/CEE.
EL-9900 MODEL EL-9900 GRAPHING CALCULA TOR GRAPHING CALCULA TOR OPERA TION MANU AL SHARP CORPORA TION 02CGK(TINSE0511EHZZ) PRINTED IN CHINA/IMPRIMÉ EN CHINE/IMPRESO EN CHINA ® ®.
Een belangrijk punt na aankoop van elk apparaat Sharp EL-9900 (of zelfs voordat je het koopt) is om de handleiding te lezen. Dit moeten wij doen vanwege een paar simpele redenen:
Als u nog geen Sharp EL-9900 heb gekocht dan nu is een goed moment om kennis te maken met de basisgegevens van het product. Eerst kijk dan naar de eerste pagina\'s van de handleiding, die je hierboven vindt. Je moet daar de belangrijkste technische gegevens Sharp EL-9900 vinden. Op dit manier kan je controleren of het apparaat aan jouw behoeften voldoet. Op de volgende pagina's van de handleiding Sharp EL-9900 leer je over alle kenmerken van het product en krijg je informatie over de werking. De informatie die je over Sharp EL-9900 krijgt, zal je zeker helpen om een besluit over de aankoop te nemen.
In een situatie waarin je al een beziter van Sharp EL-9900 bent, maar toch heb je de instructies niet gelezen, moet je het doen voor de hierboven beschreven redenen. Je zult dan weten of je goed de alle beschikbare functies heb gebruikt, en of je fouten heb gemaakt die het leven van de Sharp EL-9900 kunnen verkorten.
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