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Ciprico Disk Array . . . . . . . . 6500 Disk Array User’s Gu ide C ipr ic o I nc . Publicat ion 2102069 0 B.
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©1996 by Ciprico Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publica tion may be repr oduced or trans mitted in any for m, or by any mea ns, e lectron ic or mechanic al (incl uding photocopyi ng and record ing), or by any informa tion storage or retri eval system, without t he permiss ion of Cipr ico I nc.
Programmer Reference Chapter Pag e 4.
Pr eface This guide contains all the information needed to succe ssfull y install, operate, and mainta in Ci prico ’s 6500 Disk Ar ray subsyste ms in standar d configura tion s. If you need more techni cal infor mation for non-standa rd applicat ions, r efer t o the Ciprico 6500 Contr oller Board Technical Ref erence ( avai lable f rom Ciprico ).
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Page ii Pre face Revision History Note The inform ation in this doc ument is subj ect to change without notice. Warning: Fire and Shock Hazards To prevent the hazards of fire and electr ical shoc k, do not expose this pro duct to any type of moisture.
6500 Dis k Array Us er’s Guide 21020690 B Pr eface P age iii Electro- magnetic Compatibility Unit ed St ate s This e quipment has bee n teste d and found to c omply wit h the li mits of a Class A computing dev ice in accor da nce with the speci fi cations set forth in Part 15 of the F CC Rules.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Page iv Pre face Safety Listings and Certification This symbol on the nameplate means that the product is “liste d” by Underwrit ers Laborato ry Inc.
6500 Dis k Array Us er’s Guide 21020690 B Table of Contents Page v Ta ble o f Contents Pre fa ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i In This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Table of Contents Pag e vi Power Voltage Select ion Swit ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 2 Insta lla ti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6500 Dis k Array Us er’s Guide 21020690 B Table of Contents Pag e vi i RPT AS RECOVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 TE MP WA RN ING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 4 TE MP C RI TIC AL .
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Table of Contents Pag e vi i i 4 M ainte nance , Tr ouble shooting & Ha rdwa re Replac emen t . . . . . . . . 4-1 In This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Table of C ontents Page ix Dri v e F ail ure I nd icat ion s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -22 To Turn Off Alarm, Pre ss SELECT Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 22 Disabl ing a Failed Disk Drive .
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Table of Contents Pag e x.
1 Description.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 1 D escription Pag e 1 - 2 In This Chapter In T his C hap ter This chapte r descr ibes the func tions, feat ures, optio ns, and pr imary components of Cip ri co’s 6 500 D isk Array s u bsystems .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 1 De scription 6500 Disk Arra y Functions and Appli cation Page 1 - 3 6500 D isk A rr ay Fun cti on s an d Applic atio n When high-ba ndwidth softw a.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 1 D escription Pag e 1 - 4 Features and Options Feat ures and Op tio ns SCSI Compatibility • Conforms to SCSI-2 sta ndards. • 8- or 16-bit data transfe rs on host inte rfac e. • Single-ende d or di f ferent ial SCSI in terface.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 1 De scription Features and O pt ions Page 1 - 5 the p arity dri ve a lso s ignifi can tly in creas es dat a avail abil ity—the len gth of ti m e befor e data is lo st due to drive f ailu re.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 1 D escription Pag e 1 - 6 Primary Components Prima ry Comp onent s The “Primary Comp one nts” diagram on pa ge 1-7 illust rates the 6500 disk a r ray primary compone nts de scribe d below.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 1 Des c ription Primary Components Pag e 1 - 7 Figure 3 Primary Components.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 1 D escription Page 1 - 8 Primary Components Display/ Operation Panel As shown b elow, the 6500 di splay/opera tion panel i nc lude s a liqui d crysta l display (LCD) and six membrane cont r o l switches.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 1 De scription Rear Panel Swi t ches and Connectors Page 1 - 9 Rear Panel Swit ch es an d Co nnector s This fig ur e illu strat es the rear panel components desc r ibed below.
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2 Instal lati on.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 2 Insta llation Pag e 2 - 2 In This Chapter In T his C hap ter This ch apter d escribe s a typica l insta llati on of the 6500 Disk Array s ubsyst em. Note Instr uctions for attaching a rack-m ount kit to the e nclos ur e are included with the rack -m ount kit.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 2 I ns tallation Installat ion Procedure Pag e 2 - 3 Insta lla tio n Pr oced ure Install the 6500 dis k array as follows: Step 1. Move Array to Operation Site Move the array to its i ntende d place of operati on.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 2 Installa t ion Page 2 - 4 Installat ion Procedur e Step 5. Set Array Input Voltage Switch Before you connect the array ’s power cor d to a n AC .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 2 I ns tallation Installat ion Procedure Pag e 2 - 5 Drive Status Codes The following codes on the disp la y/operation panel indi cate drive st a tus: • At array re set or power-up, a B uilt-In Self - Test (BIST) wi ll run.
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3 Display/Op erat ion Panel.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/ O peration Panel Pag e 3 - 2 In This Chapter In T his C hap ter This ch apter d e scribe s the opti ons and funct ions a vailable with the 6 500 Disk Array dis play/operation pa nel.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 3 Di s play/Operation Pane l Controls and Indicators Pag e 3 - 3 Controls and Indic ators The display/ operatio n panel include s an LCD display and six membrane control switc he s.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/Operatio n Panel Page 3 - 4 Operation Guideline s Op er ati on G uidel ines Array Power- Up and Built-In Self-Test (BIST) When the a r ra y is powe red up, the display/oper a t ion panel turns o n and a B uilt- In Self-Test ( BIST) is execute d.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 3 Di splay/Operation Pane l Ope rati on Gui deli nes Pag e 3 - 5 Changing or Selecting a Menu Option Displa y/operation pa nel opt ions or paramete r s currently in use by t he arra y a re ident ified by an aste r isk (*) on the displ a y.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/ O peration Panel Pag e 3 - 6 Operation Guideline s Figure 9 Menu Structure ( 1 of 5—Array Options).
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 3 Di splay/Operation Pane l Ope rati on Gui deli nes Pag e 3 - 7 Figure 1 0 Menu Structure ( 2 of 5—Array Options ).
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/Operatio n Panel Page 3 - 8 Operation Guideline s Figure 11 Menu S t ructure (3 of 5 — Array Info & R ebuild).
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 3 Di splay/Operation Pane l Ope rati on Gui deli nes Pag e 3 - 9 Figure 12 Menu S t ructure (4 of 5 — Format & Drives).
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/Operatio n Panel Page 3 - 10 Operation Guideline s Figure 13 Me nu Structure (5 of 5—Log Pages).
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 3 Di splay/Operation Pane l ARRAY OPTIONS Pag e 3 - 11 ARRAY OPTIONS Fro m , us e the l eft/right arrow key s to selec t (see “Menu Struc ture (1 of 5—Array Options) ” on page 3-6 and “Menu Str ucture (2 of 5— Array Options)” on pa ge 3- 7).
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/Operatio n Panel Pag e 3 - 12 ARRAY OPTIONS PASSWORD The password option allows you to set or cl ear th e array 's pa ssword p rotecti on feature .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 3 Di splay/Operation Pane l ARRAY OPTIONS Pag e 3 - 13 Cle ar Pass word Clear a passwor d as follows : 1. Press the down arrow, then press the right or left a rrows unti l is displa ye d. 2. Press the down arrow.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/Operatio n Panel Pag e 3 - 14 ARRAY OPTIONS SET DEFAULTS Setting the to returns the array to its fac tor y de fault settin gs f or , and .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 3 Di s play/Operation Pane l ARRAY INFORMATION Pag e 3 - 15 ARRAY INFORMATI ON From , us e the l eft/right arrow key s to selec t (see “Menu Structure ( 3 o f 5—Array Inf o & Rebuil d)” on page 3-8).
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/ O peration Panel Pag e 3 - 16 ARRAY INFORMATION CAPACITY Displays the logica l block n um ber of the last data bloc k in t he array. A value followed by ind icates a decimal number ; a value followed by indicate s a hex numbe r .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 3 Di splay/Operation Pane l ARRAY INFORMATION Page 3 - 1 7 The Synchronous Offset represent s the number of bytes a SCSI ACK signal may lag a REQ signal. 16 (10H) is the maximum Offset allo wed. Although communica tions allow up to a 16 byte offse t, each byt e is always acknowle dged.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/ O peration Panel Pag e 3 - 18 REBUILD REBUILD Fro m , use the le ft/righ t a rr ow keys to s e l ect the foll owing functio ns (see “Menu Structu r e ( 3 of 5—Array I nfo & Rebui ld)” on page 3-8).
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 3 Di s play/Operation Pane l FORMAT Page 3 - 19 FORMAT From , us e the l e ft/ right arrow ke ys t o selec t (“Men u Struct ure (4 o f 5 —Fo rmat & D rive s)” o n page 3-9 ).
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/Operatio n Panel Pag e 3 - 20 DRIVES DRIVES Fr om , use the left/r ight arro w keys to select (see “ Menu Str ucture (4 of 5—Format & Drive s)” on pa ge 3-9) .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 3 Di splay/Operation Pane l DRIVES Pag e 3 - 21 DRIVE INFO The menu provides a c ce ss to two submenus which desc r i be the model number of each drive used in t he ar ray and the fi r mware revi sion of each driv e .
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/ O peration Panel Pag e 3 - 22 LO G PAG ES LOG PA GES Fro m F , use the left /right arrow keys t o select (see “Menu Struct ure (5 of 5—Log Pages)” on page 3-10). These select ions provide acc es s to drive error inf or mation co ntaine d in SCSI log pages.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 3 Di s play/Operation Pane l LO G P AGE S Pag e 3 - 23 ENTRY k / SENSE KEY : yyH This ite m gives you the two-dig it hexadecimal se nse key code for the error entry. Every error will have a sense key code.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 3 Display/ O peration Panel Pag e 3 - 24 LO G PAG ES ENABLE LOG This item lets you enab le or disa ble the logging fun c tion by choos ing or . The factory de fa ult sett ing i s . If you cycl e power, the item will come up in the condit ion it was in when you turn ed off the a rray .
4 Main t en ance, Troublesho oting & Hardwar e Repl a cement.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 4 Maintenanc e, Troubleshooting & Hardware Replacement Pag e 4 - 2 In This Chapter In T his C hap ter This chapte r contains info rmation you w.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 4 Maint e nance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Periodic Maint e nance Guidelines Pag e 4 - 3 Peri odi c Main ten an ce Guid elines Under n orma l c onditions , the 650 0 array requires m inimal periodic mainte na nce.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 4 Maintenanc e, Troubleshooting & Hardware Replacement Pag e 4 - 4 Periodic Maintena nc e Guidelines Cleaning the Enclosure Air Filter To m ain.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Failure Dete c tion and Trouble s hoot-ing Guideline s Page 4 - 5 Failu re Det ect io n a.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 4 Maintenanc e, Troubleshooting & Hardware Replacement Pag e 4 - 6 Failure Dete c tion and Trouble s hoot-ing Gui de lines Failure Indicators W.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Failure Dete c tion and Trouble s hoot-ing Guideline s Page 4 - 7 Built-In Self Test (BIS.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Page 4 - 8 Failure Dete c tion and Trouble s hoot-ing Gui de lines To choos e the C ontinue response to a BIST error, press the l eft a r row key .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Failure Dete c tion and Trouble s hoot-ing Guideline s Page 4 - 9 Drive Test Failures Whe.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Page 4 - 10 Failure Dete c tion and Trouble s hoot-ing Gui de lines Over- temperature Failures A tempera ture sensor m ounted on the array ’s c ontroller board sign a ls over- temperat ur e status.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Failure Detection and Troubleshoot-ing Guideline s Page 4 - 11 Troubleshoot- ing Guidelines When a c omponent fails i n a 6500 disk a rray, it is m ost often easi ly t raced and fixed .
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 4 Maintenanc e, Troubleshooting & Hardware Replacement Pag e 4 - 12 Hardware Fie ld-Replaceable Units (FRUs) Hardwa re Field- Re pl aceab le Un.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Chapter 4 Maint e nance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Hardware Fiel d- Replaceable Units ( FRUs) Pag e 4 - 13 Figure 17 Field Replaceable Un.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Page 4 - 14 Enclosure Top Cover Removal Encl osure Top Cover Remov al 1. P ow er d own t he array. 2. Remove AC power cord. 3. Unlock and open front cover of enclosure (see the figure below).
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Controller Board Removal Page 4 - 15 Controlle r Board Removal 1. Perfor m top cover removal proce dure a s descr ibed previou sly. 2. D isco nne ct th e arra y fro m t he SCSI bus.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Page 4 - 16 Display/Operat ion P anel Re moval Disp lay/ Op er ati on Panel Removal 1. Perform t op cover r emoval procedure a s des cribed previously.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Power Supply Removal Page 4 - 17 Powe r Su pply Removal 1. Perform top cover rem oval proce dure as descr ibed previou sly. 2. Discon ne ct power supp ly from power switch (see the figure below).
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Page 4 - 18 Power Supply Removal 6. Remove four screws that a ttach the power suppl y to the rear of the enclosur e (see the figure bel ow).
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Cooling Fan R emoval Page 4 - 19 Co oling Fa n Removal Each 6500 ar r ay conta ins two cooling f ans. To remove eithe r of th e m, per f orm the followi ng ste ps.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Pag e 4 - 2 0 Pow er Swit ch Rem oval Power Swit c h Remov al 1.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Drive Failure, Replacement, and Rebuilding Page 4 - 21 Drive Failure, Rep lacem ent , and.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 4 Maintenanc e, Troubleshooting & Hardware Replacement Pag e 4 - 22 Drive Failure, Repl a cement, and Rebuil ding Drive Failure Indications Whe.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Disabling a Fa iled Disk Dr iv e Page 4 - 2 3 Disa bl in g a Fa ile d D isk Drive This proce dure allows you to disa ble one drive in the array.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 4 Maintenanc e, Troubleshooting & Hardware Replacement Pag e 4 - 24 Disk Drive Removal Di sk Dri ve Remov al 1. Per form t op cove r re moval procedure as de scrib ed previ ously . 2. Identif y the drive to be r eplace d.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Types of Rebui lds Pag e 4 - 25 Ty pes o f Re builds The next t a sk re quired is to re build data on to the ne w drive in the arra y.
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapter 4 Maintenanc e, Troubleshooting & Hardware Replacement Pag e 4 - 26 Init ia ting a Rebuild Init iatin g a Rebuild Onc e a drive has fai led and been repl aced, you must rebuil d the data to regai n array re dundancy.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Initiat ing a Rebuild Pag e 4 - 27 Drive Error Code During Rebuild If a drive other th an.
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Page 4 - 28 Formatting t he Array Fo rma tting t he Arra y A driv e that is not fo rmat te d for the array (on e lack ing a 6500 system sector) will h ave a U displa yed as its stat us.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Formatting the Array Page 4 - 29 Note The fo r mat proce ss beg ins for the e n tire array. Depending on the array co nfigur ation, formatt ing can ta ke from 10 t o 20 minutes to complet e .
21020690 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide Chapte r 4 Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Hardware Re placement Page 4 - 30 Updating Firmwar e Upda tin g Firmw are This pr ocedure descr ibes how to swap new c hips contain ing updated f irmware with the chips cu rrently insta lled on the cont roller boar d.
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21020690 B Chapter 4 Ma intenance, Troubleshooti ng & Hardware Replacement Updating Firmware Pag e 4 - 31 7. Apply po wer to t he array. 8. Observe the displa y/oper at ion panel powe r-up sequenc e. When the array has comple ted the BIS T (Built-In S elf Test), you sh ould se e the message.
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Num er ics 6500 Disk Arra y controller b oa rd technical reference . . . i de s c r i p t i o n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 1 , 1 -3 f ea tu r es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -4 ins tall a t i o n. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide I ndex ii display/operation panel1-3, 1-6, 1-8, 2-4, 2-5 co ntro ls an d indic a to rs . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 3 de sc ri p t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 3 initial display . . . . . . .
6500 Dis k Array User’s Guide 21 0206 90 B Index iii L L CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 log en a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 4 r es e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24 log p a ges .
2102 069 0 B 6500 Disk Arra y User’s Guide I ndex iv SC SI- 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4, 1- 5 SC SI - 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5 SC SI - P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 9 connectors .
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Een belangrijk punt na aankoop van elk apparaat Ciprico 6500 (of zelfs voordat je het koopt) is om de handleiding te lezen. Dit moeten wij doen vanwege een paar simpele redenen:
Als u nog geen Ciprico 6500 heb gekocht dan nu is een goed moment om kennis te maken met de basisgegevens van het product. Eerst kijk dan naar de eerste pagina\'s van de handleiding, die je hierboven vindt. Je moet daar de belangrijkste technische gegevens Ciprico 6500 vinden. Op dit manier kan je controleren of het apparaat aan jouw behoeften voldoet. Op de volgende pagina's van de handleiding Ciprico 6500 leer je over alle kenmerken van het product en krijg je informatie over de werking. De informatie die je over Ciprico 6500 krijgt, zal je zeker helpen om een besluit over de aankoop te nemen.
In een situatie waarin je al een beziter van Ciprico 6500 bent, maar toch heb je de instructies niet gelezen, moet je het doen voor de hierboven beschreven redenen. Je zult dan weten of je goed de alle beschikbare functies heb gebruikt, en of je fouten heb gemaakt die het leven van de Ciprico 6500 kunnen verkorten.
Maar de belangrijkste taak van de handleiding is om de gebruiker bij het oplossen van problemen te helpen met Ciprico 6500 . Bijna altijd, zal je daar het vinden Troubleshooting met de meest voorkomende storingen en defecten #MANUAl# samen met de instructies over hun opplosinge. Zelfs als je zelf niet kan om het probleem op te lossen, zal de instructie je de weg wijzen naar verdere andere procedure, bijv. door contact met de klantenservice of het dichtstbijzijnde servicecentrum.
