Gebruiksaanwijzing /service van het product Target Guide van de fabrikant AMX
Ga naar pagina of 90
® AM X ™ 68000 Target Guide First Printing: April 15, 1994 Last Printing: March 1, 2005 Copyright © 1994 - 2005 KADAK Products Ltd. 206 - 1847 W est Bro adway Avenu e Vancouver, BC, C anada, V6J 1.
.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK i TECHNICAL SUPPORT KADAK Products Ltd. is committed to technical support for its software products. Our programs are desi gned to be easil y incorporated in your s ystems and every effo rt has been made to eliminate errors.
ii K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Copyright © 1994-2005 by KADAK Products Ltd. All rights reserv ed. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval sy.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK iii AMX 68000 TARGET GUIDE Table of Cont ents Page 1. Getting S tarted with A MX 68000 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 AMX Files ........
iv rev9 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide AMX 68000 TARGET GUIDE Table of Contents (Cont'd) Appendices Page Appendix A. Target Parameter File Specification A-1 A.1 Target Parame ter File Structure ...................................................
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 1 1. Getting S tarted wit h AMX 68 0 00 1.1 Intr oduction The AMX ™ Multitasking Executive is de scribed in the AMX User's Guide . This target guide describes AMX 68000 which operates on the Motorola MC680xx, MC683xx and all architectur ally compatib le processors.
2 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 1.2 AMX F iles AMX is provided in C source format to ensure th at regardless of y our development environment, your ability to use and support AMX is uninhibited. AMX also includes a small portion programmed in M68000 assembly language.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 3 File Name Module CJ532KA .C Kernel task services CJ532KB .C General ta sk services CJ532KBR.C CJ532KC .C Timer Manag e r CJ532KCR.C CJ532KD .C Task management services CJ532KDR.C CJ532KE .C Task termination se rvices CJ532KF .
4 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 1.3 AMX Nomencla ture The following nomenclature standards h ave been adopted th roughout the AMX Target Guide. Numbers use d in this manual are dec imal unless otherwise indicated. Hexadecimal numbers are indicated in the format 0xABCD or $ABCD .
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 5 1.4 AMX 68000 T arget Specificatio ns AMX 68000 was initially developed and tested using the Motorola MC68020, MC68040 and MC68332 processors on a variet y of Motorola evaluation boards. However, th e AMX 68000 desig n criteria full y encompass the Motorola M68000 processor f amily requirements.
6 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 1.5 Launch Requir ements The M68000 must be properl y confi gured for use before AMX is launch ed. The manner in which this is accomplished will depend on your target hardware implementation and on the startup code provided with your C compiler.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK rev6 7 Trace Controls AMX alters the state o f the st atus re gister ( SR ) whenev er it enables or disables i nterrupts. When AMX disables interrupts, it also clears t he trace control bits ( T or T0 an d T1 ) to 0. When AMX enable s interrupts, the tra ce control bits rema in unaltered.
8 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Memory Manage ment Unit (MMU) The MC68030, MC68040, MC68L C040 and MC68060 include a Memor y Management Unit (MMU) to support a demand-paged virtual memory environment. AMX does not support the M68000 memory management unit.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 9 2. Program Coding Specifications 2.1 T ask T rap Handler AMX 68000 supports task traps for the M68000 zero divide, bounds check and overflow faults. A zero divide fault occurs if an y M68000 instruction attempts an integer division by zero.
10 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 2.2 T a sk Scheduling H ooks There are four critical points within the AMX Task Scheduler. These critical points occur when: a task is starte d a task ends a task is suspended a task is allowed to r esume. AMX allows a unique application procedure to be provided for each of these critical points.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 11 3. The Pr ocessor Int errupt System 3.1 Oper at ion The M68000 classifies all internal and ex ternal sources of interruption as exceptions.
12 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Defaul t Exception S ervice Procedures AMX provides default service procedures for most ex ceptions. The zero divide, bounds check and overflow exceptions are serviced b y AMX using its Task Trap Handler mechanism. All other ex ceptions handled b y AMX are treated as fatal.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 13 3.2 AMX V ector T able The M68000 processor provides an Exception Vector Tabl e, often referred to as the AMX Vector Table, through whi ch device interrupts are vectored and processor faults are trapped.
14 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Vector Vector En able Name Number Mask Exception CJ_PRVNRES 0, 1 Reset CJ_PRVNBE 2 $00000004 Bus error (acc ess fault) CJ_PRVNAE 3 $00000008 Address error CJ_PRVNII .
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 15 3.3 AMX Interrupt Priority and NMI The M68000 family of processors offers inhe rent interrupt priority ordering. The AMX Interrupt Supervisor supports this feature and allows the nestin g of interrupts for fast response to high priority events.
16 rev7 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 3.4 Conf orm ing ISPs A conforming ISP consists of an ISP root and a device Interrupt Handler. Th e ISP root is created in your Target Confi guration Module b y the AMX Configuration Generator usin g the information provided in your Target Parameter File (se e Chapter 4).
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 17 The following examples illustra te how simple an Inte rrupt Handler can be. /* The ISP root definition in the Target Parameter File is as follows:*/ /* .
18 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 3.5 Non conform ing ISPs The M68000 family of processors provides an interrupt prio rity ordering mech anism which permits the use of nonconforming ISPs within an AMX s y st em. Since nonconforming ISPs bypass the AMX Interrupt Supervisor, the y cannot make us e of an y AMX services.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK rev7 19 3.6 Pr ocessor V ector Initial izati on Whenever an internal or external devi ce interrupt occurs, the M68000 processor unconditionally vectors to a unique memory address determined b y an entry in the processor Exception Ve ctor Table.
20 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide This page left blank intentionall y ..
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 21 4. T arget Configur ation M odule 4.1 The T arget Confi gurat ion P roce s s Every AMX applicat ion must include a Targ et Configurat ion Module which defines the manner in which AMX is to be used in your target hardwar e environment.
22 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Screen Layout Figure 4.1-1 illustrates the Configuration Manager's screen la y out on ce you have begun to crea te or edit a Target Pa rameter File. The title bar identifies the Target Para meter File being c reated or edited.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 23 Menus All commands to the Conf iguration Manag e r are a vailable as items on the menus present on the menu bar. The File menu provides the conventional New , Open , Save and Save As. .. commands for crea ting and editing your Targe t Paramete r File.
24 rev8 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide If you have modified some of the fields on a propert y page and then decide that these modified values are not correct, use th e Undo P ag e command on the Edit.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 25 4.2 T arget Configuration Par ameters General Parameters The Ge neral Parame ter window allows you to def ine the general ope rating chara cteristics of your AMX system within y ou r target hardware environment. The la y o ut of the window is shown in Figure 4.
26 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Vectors in RAM In most case s, the processor Exception Vector Ta ble will be located in a lterable RAM at address 0 or at some alternate addr ess provided by you. Therefore check this box. If your processor Exception Vector Table is in ROM, leav e this box unchecked.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 27 Software I/O Delay AMX provides a device I/O dela y procedure cjcfhwdelay which is used b y AMX board support modules and sample device drivers to provide the necessar y delay between sequential references to a device I/O port.
28 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Fatal Exceptions The Target Configuration Module defines the proce ssor exceptions which are to be serviced b y AMX and trea ted as fatal. Thes e exceptions are specified b y you b y checking the appropriat e boxes in the Fatal Exception window.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 29 4.3 Interrupt Ser vice Proc edure (ISP) Definiti ons Your Target Configuration Module must include a device ISP root for each co nforming ISP which you intend to use in your application.
30 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide ISP Type At least one of your ISPs must service a clock interrupt which provides AMX with its fundamental clock tick at the frequen cy and resolution defined in y our AMX S ystem Configuration Module. To define your custom clock ISP , choose Clock Handler from the pull down list.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 31 Interrupt H andler Parame ter Your Inte rrupt Ha ndler ca n be code d to receive a 32-bit par ameter every time it is called. The Parameter Type field is a pull down list use d to identify what kind of parame ter, if any, your Interrupt Handler expects.
32 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 4.4 Def ining a Fast C lock ISP At least one of your ISPs must service a clock interrupt which provides AMX with its fundamental clock tick at the frequen cy and resolution defined in y our AMX S ystem Configuration Module.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 33 ISP Type Your fast clock I SP is identified as such by selec ting Fast Clock Handler from the pull down list. ISP Root Edit the default na me ---New--- to provide the name you wish to give to your fast clock ISP root.
34 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 4.5 Nul l Funct ion s Occasionall y, while developing an AMX application, it can be ver y convenient to be able to create software functions to satisf y your program link requirements without having to create the fi nal version of these functions.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 35 4.6 ROM Opt ion Parameter s The AMX ROM Option allows the subset of AMX and its managers requir ed by your application to be linked together without any application code to form a sep arate AMX ROM imag e. Th e resulting AMX ROM ca n be located any where in your memory configuration.
36 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Enable ROM Option By default, the ROM Option feature is disabled. Check this box to enable the fe ature. You can disable the feature b y removing the check from the box. ROM Address You must define the ab solute physical ROM address at which the AMX ROM imag e is to be located.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 37 5. Clock Drivers 5.1 Cl ock Driver Operation You must provide a clock driver as p art of your AMX application so that AMX can provide timing se rvices. AMX clock drivers are provided with AMX for the timer chips used on the boards with which AMX has be en tested.
38 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Clock Inte rrupts A real-time clock used with the M68000 processor will interrupt either on one o f the interrupt autovectors or on a user defined vector. In either case, the processor will automatically dispatch through its Vector Table to your clo ck ISP.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 39 5.2 Cust om Clock Driver The easiest wa y to create a custom cl ock driver is by ex ample. Assume that the counter/timer which you intend to use for y our AMX clock is ch aracterized as follows: The I/O base address of the clock is at 0xFFA00100 .
40 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide The clock initializa tion procedure for this custom clock driver could be coded in C as follows. Insert procedure clockinit into your list of Restart Procedures provided in your System Configuration Module at the point at which you wish the clock to be enabled during the launch.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 41 5.3 AMX Clock Driv ers AMX clock drivers are provided with AMX for the timer chips used on the boards with which AMX has been tested. Th ese driv ers ar e re ad y for use as des cribed i n th is chapt er. The clock drivers ar e delive red in chip support source files having names of the fo rm CHnnnnT.
42 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 5.3.2 MC68360 PIT Clock Driver The AMX clock d river for the Motorola MC68360 Periodic Interval Timer (P IT) is read y for use on the Motorola M68360QUADS Application Development S y stem board. It is configured to operate at approx imately 1 KHz (1 ms period).
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK 43 5.3.3 MC68230 Clock Driver The AMX clock driver for the Motorola MC68230 Parallel Interface/Timer is read y for use on the Motorola M68EC040 Integrated Development Platform (IDP). It is configured to operate at approx imately 1 KHz (1 ms period).
44 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide 5.3.4 MC68901 Clock Driver The AMX clock driver for the Motorola MC68901 Multi-Function Periph eral is read y for use on the Motorola MVME133 VMEmodule board. It is configured to use timer A operating at 1 KHz (1 ms period).
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK A-1 Appendix A. T arget Parameter File Specif i cation A.1 T arget Parameter File S tructur e The Targe t Par ameter File is a t ext file str uctured a s illustrated in F igure A.1-1. This file can be created and edited by the AMX Configuration Manager, a W indows ® utility provided with AMX.
A-2 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide The Target Parameter File consists of a sequence of directives consisting of a ke yword of the form ...XXX beginning in column one which is usually followed by a parame ter list. Some directive s require only a keyword with no parameters.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK rev6 A-3 A.2 T arget Parameter File Directives The AMX Launc h Param eters are defined as follows. ...LAUNCH PERM,VNA PERM 0 if the AMX launch is temporar y 1 if the AM.
A-4 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Vector Base Regist er The VBR parameter is used to specify the memory address at which the Exception Vector Table is locat ed.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK A-5 Device I/O Delay The Target Parameter File includes a devi ce I/O dela y de finition. ...DELAY CPUFREQ CPUFREQ M68000 processor instruction execution frequenc y (MHz) The .
A-6 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Conforming ISP Declarations The Target Parameter File must include a definition of an ISP root for each conforming Interrupt Service Procedure ( I SP) which you intend to use in your application. The ISP root definition is provided using one of the following directives.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK A-7 AMX Clock Handler Decla ration The Target Parameter File must include a definition of an ISP root for your AMX clock handler. The clock I SP root definition must be provided using one of the following directives. The clock ISP root is decl ared usin g .
A-8 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide If your clock can be ser viced by writing one or two n -bit values to a device I/O port, you can use the ...CLKFAST directive to create a ver y fast clock ISP root with no application code required. The general form of the .
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK A-9 AMX ROM Option To use the AMX ROM option, the Target Parameter File must include the following directives. ...ROMOPT ROMADR,RAMADR ...ROMSM ;Semaphore Manager ...ROMEM ;Event Manager ...ROMMB ;Mailbox Manager ...ROMMX ;Message Exchange Manager .
A-10 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide This page left blank intentionall y ..
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK A-11 A.3 Porting the T arget Param eter File It is expected tha t you will use the AMX Configuration Manage r to create and edit your Targe t Parame ter File . I f y ou are unable to use the AMX Configuration Ma nager utility, y ou will have to create and edit y our Target Para meter File using a text editor.
A-12 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide This page left blank intentionall y ..
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK rev7 B-1 Appendix B. AMX 68000 Ser vice Pr ocedur es B.1 Summary of S ervice s AMX 68000 provides a collection of target dependent AMX servi ce procedures for us e with the M68000 processor and compatibles and the C compilers which support them.
B-2 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide The AMX Librar y also includes several C procedures which a re used privatel y b y KADAK. These pro cedures, although available for y our us e, are not documented in this manual a nd are subject to change at any time.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK rev7 B-3 B.2 Service Pr ocedure s A description of all processor dep endent AMX 68000 service proc edures is provid ed in this appendix. The descriptions are ord ered alphabetically for eas y reference. Italics are used to distinguish programming examples.
B-4 rev7 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Interrupts AMX procedures frequentl y must deal with the processor inte rrupt mask. The effect of each AMX procedur e on the interrupt stat e is defined according to the following legend.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-5 cjcfccsetup cjcfccsetup Purpose Setu p C Environment Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZIF.
B-6 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide cjcfdi cjcfdi cjcfei cjcfei Purpose Disable or Enable Interrupts Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure (cjcf di onl y ) Setup Prototy pe in file CJZZZTF.H or macro in file CJZZZCC.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-7 cjcfflagrd cjcfflagrd cjcfflagwr cjcfflagwr Purpose Read or Write Processor Status Register Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe in file CJZZZTF.H or macro in file CJZZZCC.
B-8 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide cjcfhwdelay cjcfhwdelay Purpose Delay n Mi croseconds Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZIF.H . #include "CJZZZ.H" void CJ_CCPP cjcfhwdelay(int n); Description n is the dela y inte rval measured in microseconds.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-9 cjcfhwbcache cjcfh w bcache cjcfhwdcache cjcfh w dcache cjcfhwic ache cjcfh wicach e Purpose F lush and Enable/Disable Cac hes Used by n Task o ISP o Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe in file CJZZZIF.
B-10 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide cjcfin8 cjcfin 8 cjcfin16 cjcfin 16 cjcfin32 cjcfin 32 Purpose Read an 8, 16 or 32-Bit Input P ort Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe in file CJZZZTF.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-11 cjcfjlong cjcfjlon g cjcfjset cjcfjset Purpose cjcfjset Sets a Mark for a Long Jump cjcfjlong Long Jumps to that Mark These pr ocedures are provided for AMX portability . They are not replacement s for C library p rocedures longjmp or setjmp although they function in a similar manner.
B-12 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Example #include "CJZZZ.H" void CJ_CCPP dowork(struct cjxjbuf *jbp); static struct cjxjbuf jumpbuffer; #define STACKSIZE 512 /* Stack size (longs) */ #de.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-13 cjcfmcopy cjcfm copy cjcfmset cjcfm set Purpose Copy a Block of Memory Set (F ill) a Block of Me mory These pr ocedures are provided for AMX portability . They are not replacement s for C library proc edures memcpy or memset .
B-14 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide cjcfout8 cjcfou t8 cjcfout16 cjcfou t16 cjcfout32 cjcfou t32 Purpose Write to an 8, 16 or 32-Bit Output Port Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe in file CJZZZTF.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-15 cjcfstk jmp cjcfstk jmp Purpose Switc h Stacks a nd Jump to a New P ro ce dure This procedure is provide d for AMX portability. Used by n Task o ISP o Time r Proce dure o Rest art Pr oced ure n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZTF.
B-16 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide cjcftag cjcftag Purpose Convert a String to an Object Name Tag Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZTF.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-17 cjcfvol8 cjcfvol8 cjcfvol16 cjcfvol16 cjcfvol32 cjcfvol32 cjcfvolpntr cjcfvolpntr Purpose Fetch a Volatile 8-Bit, 16-Bit, 32-Bit or Pointer Value Use these procedure s to fetch the conte nt of a volatile varia ble if the C compiler does not support the C keyword volatile .
B-18 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide This page left blank intentionall y ..
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-19 cjksitr ap cjksitr ap Purpose Install a Task Trap Handler Used by n Task o ISP o Time r Proce dure o Rest art Pr oced ure n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZIF.
B-20 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide cjksivt p cjksivt p Purpose Fetch Pointer to the AM X Vector Tab le Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZIF.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-21 cjksivt rd cj k sivtrd Purpose Read from the AMX Vector Table Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZIF.
B-22 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide cjk sivtw r cjk sivtwr Purpose Write to the AMX Vector Table Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZIF.
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK B-23 cjksivt x cjksivt x Purpose Exchange an Entry in the AMX Vector Table Used by n Task n ISP n Time r Proce dure n Restar t Proc edur e n Exit Proce dure Setup Prototy pe is in file CJZZZIF.
B-24 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide This page left blank intentionall y ..
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK C-1 Appendix C. AMX 68000 ROM Optio n An AMX s y stem can b e configured in two wa y s. Th e particular configuration is chosen to best meet your application needs.
C-2 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Creating an AMX ROM The AMX ROM is created b y usin g the AMX Configuration Generator to produce a ROM Option Module which is then linked with the AMX Library to form an AMX ROM image .
AMX 68000 Target G uide K A DAK C-3 Link ing for AMX ROM Access The AMX Configuration Generator is used to produce a ROM Ac cess Module which, when linked with your application, provides access to AMX in the AMX ROM. The Config uration Generator combines the information in your Target Parame ter File with the ROM Access Templa te file CJ532RAC.
C-4 K A DAK AMX 68000 Target G uide Once linked, your AMX application can be downlo aded into RAM memory in y our tar get hardware configuration. Alternativel y, your application can be transferred to ROM usin g the same techniques that were used to produc e the AMX ROM.
Een belangrijk punt na aankoop van elk apparaat AMX Target Guide (of zelfs voordat je het koopt) is om de handleiding te lezen. Dit moeten wij doen vanwege een paar simpele redenen:
Als u nog geen AMX Target Guide heb gekocht dan nu is een goed moment om kennis te maken met de basisgegevens van het product. Eerst kijk dan naar de eerste pagina\'s van de handleiding, die je hierboven vindt. Je moet daar de belangrijkste technische gegevens AMX Target Guide vinden. Op dit manier kan je controleren of het apparaat aan jouw behoeften voldoet. Op de volgende pagina's van de handleiding AMX Target Guide leer je over alle kenmerken van het product en krijg je informatie over de werking. De informatie die je over AMX Target Guide krijgt, zal je zeker helpen om een besluit over de aankoop te nemen.
In een situatie waarin je al een beziter van AMX Target Guide bent, maar toch heb je de instructies niet gelezen, moet je het doen voor de hierboven beschreven redenen. Je zult dan weten of je goed de alle beschikbare functies heb gebruikt, en of je fouten heb gemaakt die het leven van de AMX Target Guide kunnen verkorten.
Maar de belangrijkste taak van de handleiding is om de gebruiker bij het oplossen van problemen te helpen met AMX Target Guide . Bijna altijd, zal je daar het vinden Troubleshooting met de meest voorkomende storingen en defecten #MANUAl# samen met de instructies over hun opplosinge. Zelfs als je zelf niet kan om het probleem op te lossen, zal de instructie je de weg wijzen naar verdere andere procedure, bijv. door contact met de klantenservice of het dichtstbijzijnde servicecentrum.
