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38109-977 Prelimina ry Rev . 4, 3/2 002 H ANDBOOK OF I NTER COM S YSTEMS E NGINEERING F IRST E DITION.
The Fine Print The Handbook of Intercom Sys tems Engineering , first editio n, Copyright © 2000 by T elex Commun ica- tions, Inc. All rights reserved.
i T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Pre face- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Ab out the Au thors .
ii (Limita tions of Each System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Desi gn of Pa rty -Li ne Inte rcom Sys tem s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Overview .
iii (Connectin g (Interfac ing to Other Co mmunicati ons Systems )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (Some Prac tical Consid erations) .
iv De term ining In terc om N eed s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 13 Conferenc e V ersus P oint-to-Point Req uirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v Glo ssar y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 Index - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.
vi.
L IST OF F IGURES Simple Party-Line S ystem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Simple Matrix System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.
A Comparison of Re lative System Sizes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 0 Separate Studios, Se parate Intercom - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
3 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 P REF ACE Welcome to t he Telex Communicati ons, Inc. Handbook of Intercom Syst ems Engineering . T he idea for t his book came, as it does with many books and inv entions, ove r drinks at a bar. A few of us “inte rcom types ” were di scussing ou r varied histories and expe riences.
4 Handboo k of Int ercom Sy stems Engi neering install ation and suppo rt of inte rcom systems . In other wor ds, we hope thi s book helps yo u get the absolute most out of your communica tions sys tems. Apart fro m the story of the bar and the t rade show, ther e is another serious reason why we h ave written this book.
5 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 A BOU T THE A UTHO RS This handboo k is the work o f a number of pas t and pres ent Telex empl oyees, as well as, some outside e xperts (such as Stan Hubl er).
6 Handboo k of Int ercom Sy stems Engi neering.
Chapter 1 - Intercoms—An Overv iew 1 C HAPTER 1 C HAPTER 1 I NTERCO MS —A N O VERVI EW R ALPH S TRADER Intro ducti on Interc om systems, by definit ion, may be compri sed of many di fferent t ypes of int ercoms and subsy stems.
2 Handbook of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Matr ix S yste ms Wired Matrix s ystems ar e syste ms in which a l arge number of in dividuals have th e abili ty to est ablish priv ate indi vidual co nversations from point A to point B.
Chapter 1 - Intercoms—An Overv iew 3 interc om system at some point. Th ey can rang e from as simpl e as a single pair of u nits talkin g to one ano ther, to a sys tem in which 24 or more di fferent por table uni ts are dynamical ly switch ed between c onversations .
4 Handbook of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Figu re 1. 4 Example of Interfacin g a TW System to a Matrix System To connect a matrix i ntercom syste m to a Two-way ra dio system, a contact closure may b e requir ed to act ivate the radio tr ansmitte r.
Chapter 1 - Intercoms—An Overv iew 5 Figu re 1. 5 Complex Matrix Inter com System In many cas es, connect ion to “the telephone company” is required to allow a reporter t o connect into an i ntercom from hi s or her cell pho ne, or to a llow a retur n program f eed to be fed to a remote location.
6 Handbook of Interco m Systems Eng ineering ISO Camera Is olate – Thi s is not res erved st rictly for the domain o f cameras a nymore. This is truly an isolate f unction, n ot unlike the action a .
Chapter 2 - Introd uction to Par ty-Line I ntercom Sys tems 7 C HAPTER 2 C HAPTER 2 I NTRO DUCTION TO P ARTY -L INE I NTE RCO M S YST EMS S TAN H UB LER Intro ducti on Lead ing of f th is ch apte r, Some Definiti ons that may hel p you under stand Part y-Line interc oms terms (and bu zz-words).
8 Handbook of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Balanced Line The bala nced line concept r educes noise p ickup by out side sour ces. A balanced two conduct or line c arries a udio that is differe ntially dr iven and ba lanced to ground.
Chapter 2 - Introd uction to Par ty-Line I ntercom Sys tems 9 stage di rectors , direct or, assistan t direct or, producti on assist ant, and ot hers. Orig inally, these c rews shared one interco m channel wher e the dir ector call ed the shot s.
10 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering sound powe red syste m, but we do not discuss it h ere. Prese nt day Party- Line inte rcom systems may be wired o r wireles s or both. System Components and Their Function The syst em componen ts for most Par ty-Line int ercoms cons ist of powe r supplies ( or master s tations), u ser stat ions (e.
Chapt er 2 - Int roducti on to Part y-Lin e Interco m Systems 11 The wirel ess syst ems usually include a n interf ace to th e wired sys tems. Pri ncipal manufact urers inclu de Telex Communicati ons, Vega (now part of Clear- Com), and HME. We will go into furt her deta il on wire less syst ems in a la ter chapt er of th is manual.
12 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Altern ately, newe r units ha ve two tal k buttons, two v olume con trols, and t wo status indica tors to tel l which ta lk button is engaged . Examples: RTS ™ BP325, BP35 1, Clear- Com ® RS-522-TW, or Audiocom ® IC- 2B.
Chapt er 2 - Int roducti on to Part y-Lin e Interco m Systems 13 4 The pin out of the he adset connect ors is a s follows: Four pin XLR Pin 1 - Mic rophone common Pin 2 - Mic rophone “ho t” Pin 3 .
14 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering System Powering Systems c an be centr ally powered with a power supply or they may be i ndividual ly powered wit h “local power” modules, also known as built- in power supplies. The sys tems can als o be a mixtu re of centra l and loca l power.
Chapt er 2 - Int roducti on to Part y-Lin e Interco m Systems 15 Master Stat ions These ar e multichannel statio ns. Some Master Stations are balance d ( RTS ™ TW Mode l 802/8 03) and req uire an in terface ( RTS ™ TW Model 862 or 4012) to work with unbalanc ed channel s.
16 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering strobe is powered from the RTS lin e but only d raws 10 millia mperes. It also suppl ies a relay clo sure and a logic signal . Limitations of Each System Cable ca pacitanc e, resistanc e, and cros stalk affe ct all t hree systems.
Chapt er 2 - Int roducti on to Part y-Lin e Interco m Systems 17 3 This for mat allows louder and clearer communication. Pa rty-Line interco ms can be wired or wirele ss or both.
18 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering 2 Systems c an be powere d from a centra l power sup ply or loc al powered modules. Using loc al power modul es allows more station s to be on t he system. 3 If a st ation is too far away to get enou gh DC power, bat teries can b e used as a work- around.
Chapt er 2 - Int roducti on to Part y-Lin e Interco m Systems 19 Figu re 2. 1 Audiocom ® in tercom concept. Figu re 2. 2 Clear-Com ® intercom concept.
20 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 2. 3 RTS ™ TW intercom concept. Figu re 2. 4 RTS ™ TW user statio n block diagram..
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 21 C HAPTER 3 C HAPTER 3 D ESIGN OF P ARTY -L INE I NTE RCO M S YST EMS S TAN H UB LER Overview In this chapter, designing a system based on your need s is fir st approached by Defining And Meeting Your Needs .
22 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Audioco m Party-L ine Intercom Equipm ent Listing #1 Figu re 3. 1 Generic single channel Audiocom ® system .
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 23 Clear-Co m Party-Line Intercom Equipm ent Listing #1 Figu re 3. 2 Generic single channel Clear-Co m ® system .
24 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering RTS TW Part y- Li ne Int erc om Equi pment Li st ing # 1 Figu re 3. 3 Generic single channel RTS ™ TW system.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 25 Figu re 3. 4 Small TV operation. Audioco m Party-Line Equ ipment Listing #2 Power Su pply: PS2001L (Ra ck Mount, 1RU) Directo r’s Station :.
26 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Headset s: Cameras: Double Muff CC60 IFBs : TR-5 0 (In clu des ea rse t) Spli tter: T WC-10A Cables: Standard Microphone Cab les with XLR-3 co nnectors. One cable pe r channel . Note /2 indi cates two microphone c ables requi red.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 27 Audioco m Party-Line Equ ipment Listing #3 Power Su pply: PS2001L (Ra ck Mount, 1RU) Stage Manag er’s Stat ion: US2002 (Rac k Mount, 1RU) Dressing Rooms and Green Room: SS1002 (Si ngle channel wall mount s tation; if a portabl e speaker station is desired, add an S, U, or P box).
28 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Application 4 T raining Systems Audioco m Figu re 3. 6 Audiocom ® based trainin g intercom system. The tra ining system c onsists o f an instruc tor and mul tiple two -student cre ws. In the case of Audiocom, ea ch of the six two-s tudent gr oups are independent ly addres sable by the i nstruct or.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 29 Clear-Com Figu re 3. 7 Clear-Com ® based train ing intercom sys tem. It just hap pens that th e Clear-Com ® syst em is the si mp lest fo r th is app lica tio n, sin ce t he Master St ation, MS-812 A has the t hree pin XLR c onnectors for 12 chan nels on the r ear panel.
30 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering RTS ™ TW Figu re 3. 8 RTS ™ TW based training intercom sy stem. The RTS ™ TW syst em for this a pplicat ion is the next simples t, and has a dded feature s. The stud ent crews c an have complet ely priva te conversat ions, yet are sti ll reachabl e via the cal l light paging syste m.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 31 Appli cation 5 Medi um System for T elevision Figu re 3. 9 Medium intercom system for television.
32 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering output of a Master Station o r User Stati on with a “Hot Mic” output. The IFB elect ronics recei ves its pr ogram audio from the au dio mixer b oard.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 33 In some more extr eme cases , only a single pair of wires may be availa ble. In this ca se, pl ug the tal ent’s ster eo headset into the st.
34 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Some of th ese are: 1 Mode diff erences. There are s everal n ot directly compatibl e modes of opera tion: two wire mode, four wire mo de, full duplex mode , half dupl ex mode, simplex mode.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 35 Modes The fo llowing mode s exist i n interc om syste ms: M2) Two-Wire. M4) Four -Wire. The fo llowing su b-modes are consider ed for two-wir e and four -wire: M2F) Two-Wire, Full Duplex. M2H) Two-Wire, Simplex.
36 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Interf acing Practice Interfacing T elevision Camera Intercom System s to TW Systems General Camera C onfiguration Information for T elevision Cameras (except E NG units) Televi sion camera s used in b roadcast and indust ry usually ha ve two part s: a camer a head and a came ra contro l unit (CCU) .
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 37 TELCO = Teleph one-lines in two -wire mode Two-wire = Clear-Co m, ROH, HME, R-Columbi a, Protech, Th eatre Tec hniques, Te lex**, some tele v.
38 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Headphone Imp edances Low imp edance headpho nes are louder, c ausing t he user s tation to draw more c urrent fr om its powe r source. High i mpedance head phones are n ot as loud, d rawing less cur rent.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 39 Cable Considerations Crosstalk Use sh ielded cable t o inter connect u ser sta tions i n areas of possibl e elect rical i nterfer ence, (area.
40 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering System Curr ent/System Capacitances/Loading The syst em current s are determi ned by seve ral parame ters: 1 The c urrent requi red to su pply stand by current for each user sta tion.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 41 user st ations wi ll normally c ontinue t o operate if one can only figure o ut a way to f lip the switches and to uch only th e knobs.
42 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering 9 A trai nin g syst em usu ally c ons ists of a st atio n fo r the in str uct or an d mu ltiple , indepen dently add ressable st udent sta tions.
Chapt er 3 - Desi gn of P arty-Lin e Interco m System s 43 8 Extendin g the range and using “local powe ring” may reduc e a two-cha nnel syst em to one ch annel at th e remote station.
44 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering.
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 45 C HAPTER 4 C HAPTER 4 I NTRODU CTION TO M ATRIX I NTE RCO M S YST EMS R ALPH S TRADER Intro ducti on While the re is an e xtensive glo ssary in t he back of this book , some definit ions will be given her e to aid in t he follo wing chapte r.
46 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 4. 1 The KP-32 is a good ex ample of an advanced u ser station (keypanel) . GP I (or GPI/O ) General Purpose In terface or General Pur pose Input /Output.
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 47 Figu re 4. 2 Example of Matrix Ports History of Matrix Intercoms Properl y, it can be sa id that ma trix int ercom systems go back to th e advent of automated centra l office telephone swi tching sy stems in 189 2.
48 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering In the late 1970’ s, microproces sors beca me availab le and the fi rst tru ly intelli gent inter com system, th e McCurdy 9400, was de livered . This was th e first sys tem that us ed data se nt from th e user sta tions as oppo sed to one wi re per i ntercom key.
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 49 As you can s ee in Tabl e 4.1, while a ten-use r system “only ” require s 100 crosspoi nts for all pos sible communica tions pat hs, a 100-us er syste m requires 10,000 crosspoi nts.
50 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 4. 4 A comparison of the 9400 Inter com System to the 9500 Intercom System ( see inset). The 9500 represented a treme ndous reduction in physical size. By 1988, th e limits o f the square archite cture were beginning to show.
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 51 and switc hing systems muc h earlie r, and now it would be app lied to matri x intercom systems. In a TDM matrix, t he incoming signals fr om users (mic rophones o r headsets) are run through a n A/D convert er and as signed a “ti me slot” on a TDM backplane .
52 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 4. 6 Conventional Matrix vs. TDM Matrix Today, nearly all matrix int ercoms are ba sed on TDM or si milar tec hnology.
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 53 Special Consider ations When consid ering the type of i ntercom sys tem to ins tall for a g iven appli cation, the re are many fact ors to ta ke into ac count and man y of these hav e been disc ussed in a n earlier chapter .
54 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering your te lephone; Ca ll Bill, press the “Con f” button again; ca ll Chuck, t hen press the “CONF button , and you have a confere nce with a ll parties involved. With a matri x inter com system, you press the talk keys assigned to Alice, Bil l and Chuck and say “Meet me on Tech PL” .
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 55 Figu re 4. 7 Typical Keypa nel Normally, a user sta tion prov ided by the manufacturer of the i ntercom per forms all of these f unctions.
56 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Output fro m a Previous UPL Stat ement GPI Input Local GPI I nput Status o f a GPI Output Status o f a Local GPI Output Talk Ke y St atu s Listen Key Sta.
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 57 input 1 - -> outputs 4 3, 44, 45 input 3 - -> output 43 program i nput 1 --> output 45 also in hibit th e foll owing cros spoints: progr.
58 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering You are i n your kitche n – QUICK, multipl y 347.2 time s 15.8 – Well let ’s see, I co uld go down to the den, t urn on the c omputer, wai t for Windows ® to boot up ( have a cup o f coffee ), start my spr eadsheet program, and ty pe in “=347.
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Matrix Intercom Systems 59 So now…Quick ! You need t o setup an int ercom on the roof of yo ur facilit y to cover a local p arade. You ca n go to your matrix in tercom, loc ate two unus ed ports, assemble appropri ate length three pai r cables, fi sh the ca bles up to the roof.
60 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 61 C HAPTER 5 C HAPTER 5 D ESI GN OF M ATRIX I NTE RCO M S YST EMS R ALPH S TRADER Intro ducti on In this chap ter, w e wil l addr ess th e ma jor issu es an d co nside rati ons for de sig nin g a matr ix interc om system.
62 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering unless otherwise noted, the comments als o apply to ADAM™ -CS and Zeus™ i nterco m systems. Previou sly, we disc ussed the analogy betwee n telephon e systems a nd matrix int ercom systems – the anal ogy is not correct in a ll cases , here are some exception s.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 63 As recei ved “out of the box,” a matrix inte rcom syst em needs to be configure d (progra mmed).
64 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Camera 2 Camera 3 Floor Di rector Tel ePr ompT er Anchor A Anchor B Anchor C Weather Control Room Direct or Produ cer TD PA 1 PA 2 Segment Pr oducer Audi.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 65 • Does the user regularl y need the ability to adjust indivi dual volumes of the key s (not to be confus ed with th e overall volume control which all pa nels have) ? If yes, a Level Control Panel shoul d be added to t heir sta tion.
66 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 5. 2 A wide variety of k eypanel options exis t. Here we have a selection of R TS™ keypanels that fit a rang e of needs. Small keypanels such as th e (A) KP-12LK and (B) WKP-4 provid e an interface for those with lim ited k eypanel needs.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 67 Let’s pr oceed on t he basis that you have no w compiled a l ist of neede d equipment , have gotten a pprovals, placed th e order, an d are n ow ready to b egin the inst allati on of your system.
68 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering buzz” au dible in t hat audi o signal. The da ta signal would not c arry for as great of distan ces. This t ype of error is second in the to p ten of i nitial i nstallati on proble ms, after address ing mista kes.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 69 We talk ed earlie r ab out ho w add res sing of ke ypan els is crit ical in the ma trix in terc om system.
70 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 5. 4 A Comparison o f Relative System Sizes These are the number s of port s that ar e availa ble in a s ingle RTS™ interc om matrix from Telex. Ot her manufac turers offe r systems in sizes fr om eight to approximat ely 500 ports.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 71 Now, let’s take the oppo site tac k; what woul d be the re asons for goi ng to a si ngle large matrix? Some of the reas ons might i nclude: • Opera tions requ ire abi lity for any of the 5 12 users to communi cate with any of the ot her users.
72 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering jackfi eld. Then, simply con nect the out put of Product ion PL from Studio A to the input of Product ion PL for St udio B, and c onversely, co nnect the output of P roduction PL f rom Studio B t o the inp ut of Produ ction PL fo r Studio A.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 73 The techn ique descr ibed is c alled trunki ng ; the two ports of e ach syste m assigned t o PLs have been “trunked” to one anot her. For r easons tha t will become clear la ter, we ref er to this a s “d umb” or u nin tell ige nt tr unki ng.
74 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 5. 7 Intelligent Trunking Now, al l we need to do is assign “area code s” to ide ntify whic h matrix has whi ch port. I n actua lity , in th e Telex ® Int elligent Tr unking syst em, the trunk mas ter figure s out which matrix h as which port s and keeps tr ack of it f or you.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 75 “Great” you say, “Why not always tru nk and avoid HUGE ma trices?” I ’m glad you as ked that que stion.
76 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering exists for the trunk master t o route a si gnal from A to C a nd from C to B, ther eby bypassi ng the bot tleneck. Figu re 5. 8 Casca ded Trunking Anoth er advanta ge of trunki ng is that there i s no requir ement for the indiv idual matr ices involve d to be i n close proxi mity.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 77 By using t he Bus Expander with multiple ADAM™ frames, a single electric al matr ix can be locat ed floor s or build ings apart wi thin a compl ex, and yet function as a single l arge matr ix.
78 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 5. 9 TW and Matrix Signal Flows In a wir eless in tercom system, t he communicat ion may be f ull duple x, with the two s ides of the conversat ion carri ed on two se parate fre quencies. T his is th e case wit h all the Telex ® Ra dioCom ™ pr oducts.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 79 Figu re 5. 1 0 Wireless Intercom I nterfaced to Matrix Intercom Since th e RadioCom ™ syste m is full duplex, wit h the base station tr ansmittin g continu ously, ther e is no need f or the mat rix inte rcom to prov ide a PTT (Pus h To Talk) signa l to the b ase .
80 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Figu re 5. 11 GPI/O Impl emented PTT (Pus h-To-Talk) As mentione d earlie r, TW systems are, by definitio n, two-wire ( one pair) communi cations systems, having bot h talk and listen p resent at t he same time on the same conduc tors.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 81 Figu re 5. 1 2 TW to Matrix Interface The hybri d, in Figur e 5.12, acts as a “traff ic cop” al lowing th e talk signa l from the matrix to be a ppl ied to the bi-di rect ion al TW line w hi le bl ockin g it s ret urn w hen th e ta lk sig nal from the TW is pr esent ed to the matrix .
82 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering here i s specifi c to RTS ™ ADAM , ADAM ™ -CS and Zeus . Th e ba sic c onc epts hol d for other mat rix interc oms on th e ma rket. A brie f wor d on the ar chi tect ure of th e ADAM ™ , ADA M ™ -CS and Zeus ™ matrix inter com systems will set the s tage.
Chapt er 5 - Desi gn of M atrix In tercom Sy stems 83 a conne cted matr ix and the best way to learn t he progr ams is to instal l them. An exte nsive help file is pro vided a nd the prog ram is lai d out in a logic al manner.
84 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering.
Chapter 6 - Introduction to Wireless Intercom Systems 85 C HAPTER 6 C HAPTER 6 I NTRODUC TION TO W IRELE SS I NTE RCO M S YST EMS T OM T U RKIN GTON Introduction to Wireless Intercoms Wireless interco ms have a lon g and import ant hist ory as part o f the communic ation profess ional’s repertoire .
86 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering (now oft en called HTs o r Handie-Ta lkies) h ave higher ope rating powe r which affor ds substa ntially increased ope rating r ange of over a mile or more in some cas es.
Chapter 6 - Introduction to Wireless Intercom Systems 87 Figu re 6. 1 The first beltpack based wireless intercom system. Each user station in the sy stem consis ted of two beltpacks, one for t ransmit and on e for receiv e.
88 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering duplex o peration . This enabl es all us ers on the system to speak and he ar other users simulta neously witho ut “coveri ng” other users’ tra nsmissions.
Chapter 6 - Introduction to Wireless Intercom Systems 89 The answer to the fr equency pr oblem is to ut ilize a d igitally s ynthesiz ed, frequency a gile system. Tha t may sound s imple enough in theory, but in real ity, desi gning such a pr oduct is a tot ally diff erent matt er.
90 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Special Considerations Wirel ess communic ations ar e here to stay. They h ave become an integ ral part of the tota l profes sional co mmunications package.
Chapter 6 - Introduction to Wireless Intercom Systems 91 Tabl e 6. 1 Standard US televisi on channel allocations. Chan Start Video Chroma Audio 2 54 55.250 58.829 5 59.7 50 3 60 61.250 64.829 5 65.7 50 4 66 67.250 70.829 5 71.7 50 5 72 73.250 76.829 5 77.
92 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering Having touched brie fly on the FCC r ules, I must inform you t he vast majo rity of us ers, not only of wireless intercoms, but of wirel ess mics an d IFBs as wel l, do not obtai n licens es.
Chapter 6 - Introduction to Wireless Intercom Systems 93 (IM) or inte rmod as it is often cal led, happens when two or more frequenc ies mix in a non- linear device an d produce a number of rela ted diff erent fr equencies known as intermod ulation p roducts.
94 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering.
Chapter 7 - Design of Wirele ss Int ercom Syst ems 95 C HAPTER 7 C HAPTER 7 D ESI GN OF W IRELE SS I NTE RCO M S YST EMS T OM T U RKIN GTON Intro ducti on The desig n, and subse quent oper ation, of a wireles s intercom sys tem is, li ke any wireles s network, h ighly depe ndent on numer ous factors .
96 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering A brief l ook at the pr operties of t he electr omagnetic s pectrum can t ell us a lot abo ut the RF signal s that move through it. As you can see , the name el ectro-mag netic is really a combinat ion of two wor ds, elect ron (or e lectronic) and magnet (or magnetic) .
Chapter 7 - Design of Wirele ss Int ercom Syst ems 97 Figu re 7. 2 An example of wireless transmission and reception. In Figur e 7.2, the t ransmitt er is a de vice that ha s an input for infor mation, audio, data, or some oth er form of inte lligenc e called a sour ce signal , that needs to get from her e to there.
98 Handbook o f Interc om Systems En gineering because it shows why a wave that travel s twice as far as ano ther wave of equal magnitude is not half as s trong. Take the followin g example: Two transmi tters TXA and TXB both emit signals th at are exactl y the same at 1 Watt of power.
Chapter 7 - Design of Wirele ss Int ercom Syst ems 99 Figu re 7. 5 The orientat ion of the radiator (antenna) det e rmines the polarization, and therefore, the orientation of the E and H fields. Transmit and recei ve antennas of the same s ystem must be ori ented in the same di rection (plane) to have a proper trans fer of t he carrier.
100 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Figu re 7. 8 An example of combining waves that are n ot 180° out of phas e. Interference As mention ed earlier , multipat h can be des cribed as a form of self interf erence ca used when a ref lected RF ca rrier ar rives at the recei ve antenna along with an RF carrier that has taken a direct pa th.
Chap ter 7 - Des ign of Wir eles s Inte rcom Syste ms 101 greatl y. As these levels are c hanged over a wide rang e, the rec eiver perfo rmance will be greatl y degraded . The gre ater the physical distance between tr ansmitter and rece iver, the less t he receiv er will be affected.
102 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Reducing the effe ct that i ntermodulati on can have on your wir eless inter com system comes down to a f ew importa nt princi ples. Fir st, and foremost, you must pic k freque ncies that a re intermo d free with e ach other and with sur rounding tra nsmitters.
Chap ter 7 - Des ign of Wir eles s Inte rcom Syste ms 103 occu r. In s ome s itu ation s, it is pos sible for this to cau se dam age to ei ther t he tr ansm itte r, transmissi on line, and/ or antenna. Now let’s look at the r eceiver and it’s primary fu nctional asp ects (se e Figure 7.
104 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Figu re 7. 12 Good linearity is a must for fa ithful signal reprodu ction. The next receiver section we look at is t he firs t local o scillator (LO). The job of the fi rst LO is t o provide a refer ence sign al that is a fi xed dist ance fro m the op erating frequency of the syst em.
Chap ter 7 - Des ign of Wir eles s Inte rcom Syste ms 105 Antenna & Cab le Consi derati ons Antennas and cables (transmissi on lines) are one o f the least thought ab out aspects o f a wireles s system amon g RF novices .
106 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering squeeze d the ball oon’s cent er with your hands, a cor respondin g bulge would app ear on either end. The ba lloon is not any large r or smaller than it was, it has only changed s hape. This is how a real world ante nna works.
Chap ter 7 - Des ign of Wir eles s Inte rcom Syste ms 107 Figu re 7. 1 4 An example of a Yagi antenna. There ar e two very c ommonly used di rection al antenna s in wireles s communic ations systems t oday, Yagi a nd Log Periodic antennas.
108 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering can gre atly impro ve system pe rformance and decrea se harmful interfere nce. In gene ral, it is a goo d idea to c hoose a n antenna t hat is j ust wide e nough to han dle the de sired ope rating freque ncies.
Chap ter 7 - Des ign of Wir eles s Inte rcom Syste ms 109 Resu lts ar e calcu lated and can vary . Figu re 7. 1 6 The typical parts of co axial cable. Installation Having al l the ri ght gear a nd all the pr oper freq uencies s elected i s a good fi rst ste p to having a top notch, h ighly eff ective, wire less communi cations s ystem.
110 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering wirele ss beltp acks, i t is import ant to lo cate th e base a ntennas a s high as possible . Getting a few extr a feet up wil l often ma ke a large di fference in overal l system perf ormance.
Chap ter 7 - Des ign of Wir eles s Inte rcom Syste ms 111 pinched i n a door, or bent sharpl y around a c orner, th e charact eristics o f the cable c an be changed dr amatical ly and have a signific ant negat ive affect o n system per formance.
112 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering.
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 11 3 C HAPTER 8 C HAPTER 8 D ETER MINING I NTERC OM N EEDS D AVE R I CHARDSON Conferen ce V ersus Point-to-Po int Requirements As previo usly disc ussed in thi s book, ther e are at least two typ es of wire d interco m systems: conference (two-wi re) and point-to -po int ( fou r-wi re) .
114 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering subconsc ious panel different iation. With a separat e module use d for ever y form of communicat ion, a Dire ctor’ s stati on may have se parate panel s for PL, I SO, point-to poi nt, and IFB co ntrol.
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 11 5 the choi ce, but di gital in terfaces, s uch as the SSA424, yield good inter system transpa rency. As a result, an i nitial t wo-wire pur chase can interconnec t to an ADAM or Zeus four -wire host l ater wit hout signifi cant tr ans-hybrid l osses.
116 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Determining Intercom Needs , two-wire, four-wire, or both? In dete rminin g interco m needs for a specifi c applic ation, we begin by f irst givin g exam ples o f in terco m req uire men ts. T hen, we wi ll at temp t to sp ecif y an RTS ™ intercom system t o fill that requirement .
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 11 7 TW5W Splitter This rugge d unit allows up t o five BP-32 5’s to connect to a central location. It can be used outside the truc k and place d directly o n the groun d.
118 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering We brief ly touched upon the primar y forms of communicatio n used in tel evision broad cas t. Thes e ar e P L, I FB, ISO, an d PP , w ith the firs t two (P L a nd IF B) bein g t he m ost importa nt in orde r to produ ce a televis ion progr am such as th e news.
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 11 9 Figu re 8. 2 Figure 3. Block diagr am of a medium s ized intercom s ystem using two-wire. The forms of comm unications depicted here are six conference lines and eight IFB circuits.
120 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering 4025A Splitter The 4025A co mbining d evice paral lels up to f our, 25 pair cables t o yield on e cable to connect to the 401 0 IFB Central Electro nics Unit . 4030 T a lent User Station The 4030 t alent use r station i s a distri buted ampli fier with i nterrupt and non-inte rrupt volume controls.
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 12 1 Zeus™ DSP2400 Matrix The Zeus ™ Matrix i s light weight, rug ged, powerful , and easy to interconn ect. It als o comes with a wonderful manual and h as terrifi c specif ication s. It contai ns 24 ports for connecti ng to the four- wire devices.
122 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering matr ix panels, th ese key s can be prog rammed eith er at the panel it self, or fr om the config uration c omputer (not s hown) that i s attached to the Zeus . IFB828 IFB Pow er Supply This uni t is the Model 4010’s matrix bro ther.
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 12 3 Large Stu dio or Mo bile V ehicle Befo re the adv ent of the digita lly contr olle d ma trix syste m, la rge inter com s yst ems w ere cumbersome t o specif y. The engineer had to know pr ecisely how many forms o f communic ation to obt ain for t he system.
124 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering large design eff ortless. Appa rent in o ur sample syst em is the ADAM her e is a store house for 10 separat e interc om systems! The se inter nal int ercom syst ems are co nfigured to work separa tely or c oncurrently with each o ther.
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 12 5 In our l arge interc om system, we f ind 4 IFB x 6 l arge control rooms plus 4 IFB x 4 smal l control rooms. This makes our IFB c ount 40, whic h brings o ur total cou nt so far to 100. This means we cannot use a n ADAM ™ -CS 64x64 for this appl ication .
126 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering KP96-7 Keypanel The KP96-7 ma trix int ercom panel ha s 15 talk a nd 15 list en keys wit h alphanumeric displa ys.
Chapter 8 - Determining Intercom Needs 12 7 How old is T oo Old? Should you completel y replace your existi ng system? Proba bly not! Th e RTS ™ TW system ha s been arou nd for a long t ime. As such, there are products that have been in constant servic e for 20-2 5 years.
128 Handboo k of Interco m Systems Eng ineering Keyp ane ls in RTS ™ matrix systems do not store configurati ons. There fore, if a pa nel need s to be replaced at any loc ation, the new pane l will assume the ident ity of the old one . On the mat rix, there ar e diagnos tic LEDs on t he hardware t hat show if there is a problem or fa ult.
Glos sar y 129 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 C HAPTER 0 G LOSSA RY A Acoustics The scienc e of sound. Acous tical A term used to differ entiate a soun d signal fr om its elect rical si gnal count erpart or represent ation. For examp le: A microphone converts an acoustica l signal (from music or speech) t o an elect rical signal.
130 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g fabrica tion must be ver y high. Advant ages of di gital circ uitry in clude 1. Fre quency resp onse, and distort ion are co nstant and i ndependent of the ci rcuitry (either it works or do esn’t, th e circui try doesn’t c hange the fre quency res ponse or dist ortion).
Glos sar y 131 B Balanced l ine A balanced t wo conducto r line ca rries au dio that is diffe rentially driven and balanced t o ground. Neither co nductor is tied to circ uit common. Circ uit common is eith er tied t o a transfo rmer center tap, or is an elect rical cent er point, or not ti ed at all.
132 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g Bridging Bridging i mpedance means an impedanc e that when paralleled with a nomin al impedanc e will have an non-s ignific ant effect on a circuit .
Glos sar y 133 Digital Bu ses In the microproc essor uni ts, addres ses and dat a are moved on di gital d ata buses. These buses vary in wi dth from th ree to 16 b its. Some buses a re bi-di rectional and the lo gic transmit ting and r eceiving dat a on these buses is u sually of th e “three s tate” vari ety.
134 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g those systems, th e crosspoint s are the actual s witches t hat close or open to connect or disconnec t talk and l isten paths.
Glos sar y 135 headpho ne volume to diminish by a prese t amount whenever a talk key is acti vated. Thi s can help to prevent occasio nal feedba ck between the speaker a nd microphone due to vol ume settin gs, microphone p lacement, e tc. For se tup and usag e, search for “Speake r Dim” in the ke ypanel manual inde x.
136 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g Earth British term for a reference gr ound. Eart h may mean power l ine ground or a facil ity zero- referen ce grou nd. Earphon e A device use d to hear an electric al audio s ignal. The ear phone conve rts elec trical si gnals to acoustic signals that can b e heard.
Glos sar y 137 Film-Style Directi ng Directin g separat e takes or sc enes that ar e to be la ter edit ed in post production. Th ese takes or scenes ar e not nece ssarily in the same sequence as t hey will a ppear in the f ilm or ta pe. FM Frequency Modu lation.
138 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g and Zeus™ i ntercom sys tems, you can also cont rol inte rcom events from exter nal swit ches. For example: yo u can acti vate key a ssignments, cl ose or open crosspoi nts, acti vate GPI output s, etc.
Glos sar y 139 environment s such as television studios ( news). Impeda nces: Impedanc es of head phones rang e typicall y from 2000 o hms to 2 ohms. Common i mpedances p er earphon e are 300 ohms , 150 ohms, 50 ohms , 25 ohms. Headph one total impe dances depe nd on the ea rphone impe dance and whether th ey are conn ected in series or pa rallel.
140 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g either a s mall earpi ece or heads et ** th at carries t he program sou nd unless th e direc tor or another member of the producti on team oper ates the IFB a nd interr upts the pro gram soun d with special instruct ions.
Glos sar y 141 ISO (Ca mer a ISO ) ISO is a me ans for a keyp an el ope rato r to iso late a part icul ar in ter com p ort for pr ivat e communicati on.
142 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g Matrix “Ma trix ” is a term inh erit ed f rom earl ier po int -to- po int i nterc om s yste ms, wher e al l poin t-t o-p oint communicati on was accompl ished by clos ing speci fic switches in a swit ching matrix.
Glos sar y 143 N NAB National Association o f Broadcast ers. NABET National Association o f Broadcast Employees and Te chnicians . NEC National Elec trical Code NEMA National Electric al Manuf acturers Ass ociation Nibble A nibble is half a by te or four bits.
144 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g Peak The crest value of a voltage, cur rent, or po wer. Phantom Power There are thre e standard volta ges: 12, 24, and 48, accord ing to DIN 45 596. Voltage is appli ed to the cir cuit in a bala nced fash ion us ing a ce nter t apped tra nsformer or two r esistor s.
Glos sar y 145 operator s using Por t Alpha setup In AZ™EDIT. (Cli ck the “Por t Alpha” butt on in AZ™EDIT, then pres s F1 on the c omputer keyb oard if you ne ed help.) Postprodu ction Productio n activi ty that occur s after the actual p roduction pha se.
146 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g Relay Frame. The rela y featur e also works with the 8 GPI outputs of an ADAM™, ADAM™ CS, or Zeus™ i ntercom sy stem (J27 o n a Zeus ™ Fram e, J90 3 on an ADAM™ CS Frame, and J1 1 on the XCP-ADAM™-MC Master Controll er Breakout Pa nel in an ADAM™ I ntercom Syst em).
Glos sar y 147 include c ompounds. Some exa mples are semiconduct or diodes, transis tors, integr ated cir cuits, transect or overvo ltage device s, thyris tors, and carbonize d substanc es. Sensitiv ity 1. The elect rical o utput of a microphone for a given SPL i nput.
148 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g SMPTE/EBU Time Code Recorded on videotape or audiot ape. Provid es a time a ddress for ea ch video f rame in hour s, minutes, s econds, an d frame nu mbers. Re quires a SMPTE code gener ator to create .
Glos sar y 149 T Ta l e n t Collecti ve name for all perf ormers and actors who appe ar regula rly on te levision . T alk Level 1 Talk level 1 is the no rmal talk ke y assignment. This is the assignment that normall y appears i n the alphanumeri c displa y (on keypanel s so equipp ed).
150 Hand book of In tercom Systems En gineerin g supply oper ates a s tring of bel t pack or o ther user stations i n an isol ated, bala nced mode. The balanced s ystem is tra nsformer c oupled into t he regula r unbalanc ed system. V V The symbol for volt.
Index 1 I NDEX Numerics 4010 IF B Central Ele ctronics U nit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9 4025A Sp litter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Handbook of Interco m Systems Eng ineering demod ulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 desens ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index 3 intermodu lation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1 Intermodu lation (IM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Handbook of Interco m Systems Eng ineering pollin g window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Presen t Day Sy stems an d Manufactu rers .
Index 5 TW and Matrix Sign al Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 TW syste ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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