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® S UPER S TACK ™ II S WITCH 2200 A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE U SER G UIDE P art No. 801-00310-000 Published September 1996 Revision 01.
3Com Corporation ■ 5400 Bayfront Plaza ■ Santa Clara, California ■ 95052-8145 © 3Com Corporation, 1996. All rights r eserved. No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form or b y any means or used to make any derivativ e work (such as translation, transformation, or adaptation) without permission from 3C om Corporation.
C ONTENTS A BOUT T HIS G UIDE Introduction 1 How to Use This Guide 2 Con ventions 3 Switch 2200 Documentation 4 Documentation Comments 5 P ART II NTRODUCTION 1 S UPER S TACK ™ II S WITCH 2200 A DMIN.
Administration C onsole Inter face P arameters 2-10 Adjusting the Screen Height 2-10 Disabling the Reboot and Abor t Keys 2-11 Remote Access P arameters 2-11 Pr eventing Disconnections 2-11 Enabling T.
Setting Up SNMP on Y our System 3-15 Displaying SNMP Settings 3-15 Configuring C ommunity Strings 3-15 Administering SNMP T rap Repor ting 3-16 Displaying T rap Inf ormation 3-16 Configuring T rap R.
8 A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES Administering FDDI Stations 8-1 Displaying Station Information 8-2 Setting the Connection P olicies 8-3 Setting Neighbor Notification Timer 8-5 Enabling and Disabling.
Administering STP Bridge P arameters 10-7 Enabling and Disabling STP on a Bridge 10-7 Setting the Bridge Priority 10-7 Setting the Bridge Maximum Age 10-8 Setting the Bridge Hello Time 10-9 Setting th.
Loading P ack et F ilters 12-22 Assigning P acket F ilters to P or ts 12-22 Unassigning P acket Filt ers from P orts 12-24 13 C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS Using .
B T ECHNICAL S UPPORT Online T echnical S er vices B-1 3Com Bulletin Board Service B-1 Access by Modem B-1 Access by ISDN B-2 W orld Wide W eb Site B-2 3ComF orum on CompuSer ve® B-2 3ComF actsSM Aut.
A BOUT T HIS G UIDE Introduction The SuperStack™ II Switch 2200 Administr ation Console User Guide provides all the information you need t o configure and manage your S witch 2200 once it is installed and the system is attached to the network.
2 A BOUT T HIS G UIDE How to U se This Guide This guide is organiz ed by types of tasks you ma y need to perform on the Switch 2200. The parts of the guide are described in T able 1.
Conventions 3 C on v en tions T able 2 and T able 3 list icon and tex t conv entions that are used throughout this guide. IV: Bridging Configuring bridge and bridge port parameters Administering the S.
4 A BOUT T HIS G UIDE S witch 2200 Documentation T he follo wing documents comprise the Switch 2200 documentation set. If you want to order a document that you do not ha ve or or der additional documents, contact your sales representativ e for assistance .
Documentation Comments 5 ■ SuperStack™ II Switch 2200 Getting Star ted Describes all the procedures necessar y for planning y our configuration and for installing , cabling , powering up , and troubleshooting your Switch 2200 system. (Shipped with system/P ar t No .
I Chapter 1 Over view of SuperStack™ II Swit ch 2200 Administration Chapter 2 How to Use the Administration C onsole I NTRODUCTION.
1 S UPER S TACK ™ II S WITCH 2200 A DMINISTRATION O VERVIEW This chapter introduces y ou to SuperStack™ II Swit ch 2200 administration and briefly describes the system parameters that you can configure . About S witch 2200 Administr ation The Switch 2200 software is installed at the factor y in flash memory on the system processor .
1-2 C HAPTER 1: S UPER S TACK ™ II S WITCH 2200 A DMINISTRATION O VERVIEW T able 1-1 General System C ommands Task Quick Command For Details, See. . . Run a script of commands to set up a system Write a script of Console commands with the values you assign so that you can quickly configure one or more systems.
Configuration Tasks 1-3 Save, restore, or reset nonvolatile data in the system Provide a backup for nonvolatile data, restore nonvolatile data to the system, or reset nonvolatile data to defaults. system nvData page 6-2 Reboot the system Restart the system.
1-4 C HAPTER 1: S UPER S TACK ™ II S WITCH 2200 A DMINISTRATION O VERVIEW Configure SNMP management Display current SNMP configurations and specify the type of authorization for SNMP management.
Configuration Tasks 1-5 Configure Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) parameters for a bridge Enable or disable STP and set the bridge priority, the maximum age of stored configuration message information, t.
1-6 C HAPTER 1: S UPER S TACK ™ II S WITCH 2200 A DMINISTRATION O VERVIEW T able 1-4 Ethernet Commands Task Quick Command For Details, See. . . Display Ethernet port information Display label, status, and statistic information on Ethernet ports in a summarized or detailed format.
Configuration Tasks 1-7 T able 1-5 FDDI Commands Task Quick Command For Details, See. . . Display FDDI information Display information about the system’s FDDI station, paths, MAC, and ports. MAC information is available in a summarized or detailed format.
2 H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE This chapter familiariz es you with user access lev els of the Superstack™ II Switch 2200 A dministration Console and explains how t o: ■ Move ar ound w.
2-2 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE Each time you access the Administration C onsole , the system prompts y ou for an access level and passw ord , as shown here: Select access level (read, write, administer): Password: The passwor ds are stored in non v olatile (NV ) memor y .
Using Menus to Perform Tasks 2-3 Read Acc ess Example If you have r ead access, the system menu contains only the display options shown here: Menu options: --------------------------------------------.
2-4 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE Administr ation C onsole Menu Structure The follo wing sections show the menu paths for performing tasks from the top-level menu and pr ovide a brief description of each top-lev el menu option.
Using Menus to Perform Tasks 2-5 FDDI Menu F rom the fddi menu , you can view information about and configur e the FDDI station, paths, MAC, and ports. (See Figure 2-3.) F or example, to enable the LL C ser vice of the FDDI MAC, you ent er fddi at the top-lev el menu, mac at the fddi menu , and then llcS ervice at the mac menu.
2-6 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE Figur e 2-4 Bridging Menu Hierarchy f or Administ er Access IP Menu F rom the ip menu, y ou can view information about and configure Int ernet Pr otocol (IP) interfaces and routes.
Using Menus to Perform Tasks 2-7 SNMP Menu F rom the snmp menu, you can configur e SNMP community strings and trap reporting. (See F igure 2-6.) For example , to flush all trap reporting destinations, you ent er snmp at the top-level menu, trap at the snmp menu, and then flush at the trap menu.
2-8 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE Selec ting Menu Options Y ou selec t a menu option at the selection prompt by entering its name (or enough of the name to uniquely identify it within the par ticular menu).
Using Menus to Perform Tasks 2-9 If you enter a command incorrectly , you receive a pr ompt telling you that what you entered was not v alid or was ambiguous. Y ou must re-enter the command from the point at which it became incorrect. Entering V alues When you reach the lev el at which you per form a specific task, you are prompted f or a value .
2-10 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE Administr ation C onsole Interface P aramet ers Y ou can change t wo A dministration Console int er face parameters: the screen height and the functioning of the reboot and abor t control keys.
Remote Access Parameters 2-11 Example: Do you want this to be the new default screen height? (y/n): y Disabling the Reboot and Abor t Keys As shipped , the Administration Console allows you t o use the [Ctrl + X] or [Ctrl + C] key combinations within the Administration Console .
2-12 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE T o ensure that your Administration Console session will not be pr e-empted by remote access , you can lock the Administration Console . Remote access is prohibited only f or that par ticular session.
Running Scripts of Administration Console Tasks 2-13 Setting Timeout Interval for Remote Sessions Y ou can set the timeout inter v al for r emote sessions to an y value from 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
2-14 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE The task you scripted is run in the A dministration C onsole. The next example shows how you can script these tasks t o initially configure .
Running Scripts of Administration Console Tasks 2-15 # This script performs some start-up configurations. # # Set the Console serial port baud rate. # system consoleSpeed 300 # Console port baud rate # # Set the system name # system name Engineering Switch2200_4 # # Assign an IP address to the Switch 2200.
2-16 C HAPTER 2: H OW TO U SE THE A DMINISTRATION C ONSOLE Getting Help in the Administr ation C onsole If you need assistance when using the Administration C onsole , it has online Help and an outlining feature , both of which can be accessed from any menu level.
Exiting the Administration Console 2-17 Exiting the Administr ation C onsole If you are using an rlogin session t o access the system, exiting will terminate the session. If you are accessing the system through the C onsole serial port, exiting returns you t o the passwor d prompt.
II Chapter 3 Configuring Management Access to the System Chapter 4 Administering Y our System Environment Chapter 5 Baselining Statistics Chapter 6 Saving , Restoring, and Resetting Nonvolatile Data .
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3 C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM This chapter describes how to configure management access to the SuperStack™ II Switch 2200 stackable switch through a serial connection or an IP inter face. I t also describes how to configure the S witch 2200 so that you can manage it using the Simple Network Management Pr otocol (SNMP).
3-2 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM In-band or Out-of-band? By default, the Switch 2200 system pro vides in-band management through its Ethernet and FDDI ports.
Setting Up an IP Interface for Management 3-3 Setting Up an IP Inter face for Management IP is a standard networking protocol used for communications among various networking devices. T o access the system using TCP/IP or t o manage the system using SNMP , you must set up IP for y our system as described in this section.
3-4 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM ■ Broadcast Addr ess The system uses the IP address when it br oadcasts packets to other stations on the same subnet. In par ticular , the system uses this address for sending RIP updates.
Setting Up an IP Interface for Management 3-5 IP forwarding is enabled, RIP is active, ICMP router discovery is disabled. Index IP address Subnet mask Cost Ports 1 158.101.1.1 255.255.255.0 1 1 2 158.101.4.1 255.255.255.0 1 2 3 158.101.6.1 255.255.255.
3-6 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM 3 Enter the subnet mask of the network to which the inter face is to be connected. 4 Enter the broadcast address to be used on the interface. 5 Enter the cost value of the int er face. 6 Enter the port(s) that you want to include in the inter face .
Setting Up an IP Interface for Management 3-7 Removing an Interface Y ou might want to remove an inter face if you no longer need to communicate with IP on the ports associated with that inter face .
3-8 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM ■ Gateway IP Addr ess This address tells the r outer how t o forward packets whose destination address matches the route ’ s IP address and subnet mask. The system forwards such packets to the indicated gateway .
Setting Up an IP Interface for Management 3-9 Defining a S tatic Route Y ou might want to define a static route to transmit system traffic , such as system pings or SNMP response , through a consistent route . Before y ou define static routes, you must define at least one IP inter face .
3-10 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM Flushing a Route Flushing delet es all learned routes fr om the routing table . T o flush all learned routes, enter the following from the top lev el of the Administration C onsole: ip route flush All learned routes are immediat ely deleted from the r outing table.
Setting Up an IP Interface for Management 3-11 Administering the ARP Cache The Switch 2200 uses the A ddress Resolution P r otocol (ARP) to find the MAC addresses corr esponding to the IP addr esses of hosts and routers on the same subnets. An ARP cache is a table of k nown IP addresses and their corresponding MAC addr esses.
3-12 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM Flushing ARP C ache Entries Y ou might want to delete all entries from the ARP cache if the MAC address has changed.
Setting Up an IP Interface for Management 3-13 Pinging uses the Internet C ontrol Message P r otocol (ICMP) echo facility to send an ICMP echo request packet to the IP station you specify . I t then waits for an ICMP echo reply packet. Possible r esponses from pinging are: ■ Alive ■ No answer ■ Network is unreachable.
3-14 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM Displaying IP Statistics T he IP statistics you can view are described in T able 3-3. T o display IP statistics, enter the following fr.
Setting Up SNMP on Your System 3-15 Setting Up SNMP on Y our Sy stem T o manage the Switch 2200 from an external management application, you must configure SNMP community strings and set up trap repor ting as described in this section. Y ou can manage the Switch 2200 using an SNMP-based external management application.
3-16 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM in the request matches the agent’ s read-write community . Only the SNMP get and get-next requests are va lid if the community string in the request matches the read-only community .
Setting Up SNMP on Your System 3-17 Here is an example display of the SNMP trap r epor ting information: Trap Descriptions: Trap #Description 1 MIB II: Coldstart 2 MIB II: Authentication Failure 3 Bri.
3-18 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM 3 Enter the trap number(s). Separate a series of more than two trap numbers with a hyphen (-) and nonsequential trap numbers by commas. Enter all if you want to enable all the traps for the destination.
Setting Up SNMP on Your System 3-19 Flushing T rap Destinations When flushing the SNMP trap reporting destinations, you remove all trap destination address information f or the SNMP agent.
3-20 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING M ANAGEMENT A CCESS TO THE S YSTEM occurring locally on the one Switch 2200 and to those r eported by other stations on the FDDI ring (including other Switch 2200s). ■ Enable local SNMP traps and disable the proxying of remote SMT events on ever y Switch 2200 in y our network.
4 A DMINISTERING Y OUR S YSTEM E NVIRONMENT This chapter f ocuses on the administration of your SuperStack™ II Swit ch 2200 system envir onment, which involv es: ■ Displaying the current system co.
4-2 C HAPTER 4: A DMINISTERING Y OUR S YSTEM E NVIRONMENT ■ System temperatur e has exceeded the maximum lev el for normal operation ■ F an failure ■ P ower supply failur e Setting P asswor ds T.
Setting the System Name 4-3 The administration console password has been successfully changed. 6 Repeat steps 1 through 5 f or each level of passwor d you want to configur e. Setting the Sy stem Name Y ou should give the Switch 2200 an easily recognizable and unique name to help you manage the system.
4-4 C HAPTER 4: A DMINISTERING Y OUR S YSTEM E NVIRONMENT 4 Pr ess [Return] when you want the system to start keeping the time that you entered. Example: Enter the new system time (mm/dd/yy hh:mm:ss x.
5 B ASELINING S TATISTICS This chapter describes ho w baselining statistics work in the SuperStack™ II Switch 2200, and how to set, display , enable, or disable a baseline statistic. About Setting Baselines Normally , statistics for MA Cs and por ts start compiling at system power-up .
5-2 C HAPTER 5: B ASELINING S TATISTICS Setting Baselines Setting a baseline resets the counters to zero . The accumulated t otals since power up are maintained b y the system.
6 S AVING , R ESTORING , AND R ESETTING N ONVOLATILE D ATA This chapter describes the non volatile (NV ) data in the SuperStack™ II Switch 2200 system and how to save , restore , and reset the data.
6-2 C HAPTER 6: S AVING , R ESTORING , AND R ESETTING N ONVOLATILE D ATA Sa ving NV Data When NV data is saved , it is written to a disk file on a host computer . The information can then be retriev ed from the disk file when you use the restore command .
Restoring NV Data 6-3 The failure message v aries depending on the problem encounter ed while saving the NV data. At the end of the sav e , you are returned t o the previous menu. Restoring NV Data When you rest ore system NV data, the soft ware presents y ou with a proposal for ho w to restor e the data.
6-4 C HAPTER 6: S AVING , R ESTORING , AND R ESETTING N ONVOLATILE D ATA T o restore the NV data: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: system nvData restore Y ou are prompted for inf ormation for rest oring the NV data sav ed to a file.
Examining a Saved NV Data File 6-5 Examining a Sa v ed NV Data F ile After saving NV data to a file , you can examine the header information of that file. T o examine the file: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: system nvData examine Y ou are prompted for inf ormation for examining a sa ved NV data file.
6-6 C HAPTER 6: S AVING , R ESTORING , AND R ESETTING N ONVOLATILE D ATA Resetting NV Data to Defaults At times you ma y not want to restor e the system NV data. Instead, you may want to reset the v alues to the factor y defaults so that you can start configuring the system from the original settings .
III Chapter 7 Administering Ethernet P or ts Chapter 8 Administering FDDI Resour ces Chapter 9 Setting Up the System f or Roving Analysis E THERNET AND FDDI P ARAMETERS.
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7 A DMINISTERING E THERNET P ORTS This chapter describes how to: ■ View Ethernet por t information ■ Configur e Ethernet port labels ■ Enable or disable an Ethernet port Displa ying Ethernet P ort Information Y ou can display either a summar y of Ethernet port information or a detailed report.
7-2 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING E THERNET P ORTS port rxFrames rxBytes rxFrameRate rxByteRate 1 406430 36336795 0 0 12 242400 29275605 0 0 port rxPeakByteRate rxPeakFrameRate noRxBuffers alignmentErrs .
Displaying Ethernet Port Information 7-3 An example of a summar y display for E thernet por ts is shown here: T able 7-1 describes the information provided about an Ethernet port.
7-4 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING E THERNET P ORTS portLabel 32-character string containing a user-defined name. The maximum length of the string is 32 characters, including the null terminator. portState Current software operational state of this port. Possible values are on-line and off-line.
Displaying Ethernet Port Information 7-5 txFrameRate Average number of frames transmitted per second by this port during the most recent sampling period.
7-6 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING E THERNET P ORTS F rame P roc essing and Ethernet Statistics All frames on the Ethernet network are received pr omiscuously by an Ethernet port. However , frames may be discarded f or the following r easons: ■ There is no buff er space av ailable.
Displaying Ethernet Port Information 7-7 F rames are deliv ered to an Ethernet port by bridge and management applications. However , a frame may be discarded for the follo wing reasons: ■ The Ethernet port is disabled. ■ There is no r oom on the transmit queue.
7-8 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING E THERNET P ORTS Labeling a P ort Port labels ser v e as useful refer ence points and as an accurate means of identifying your ports for management. Y ou may want to label your Ethernet ports so that you can easily identify the device specifically attached to each por t (for example , LAN, workstation, or ser v er).
8 A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES This chapter describes how t o display information about and configur e the SuperStack™ II Switch 2200 system and its: ■ FDDI station ■ FDDI paths ■ Media Access Contr ol (MAC) ■ FDDI por ts This chapter , which covers adv anced FDDI topics , is intended for users familiar with the FDDI MIB.
8-2 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES Displaying S tation Information When you displa y FDDI station information, you receive inf ormation about the station, including its configuration, status repor ting, and the most per tinent statistics about general station activit y and errors.
Administering FDDI Stations 8-3 Setting the C onnection Policies The connectP olic y attribute is a bit string representing the connection policies in effect on a station. A connec tion ’ s typ e is defined b y the types of the two por ts inv olved (A, B, M, or S) in the connec tion.
8-4 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES T o set the connec tion policies of an FDDI station: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: fddi station connectPolicy Y ou are prompted for a station. The Switch 2200 has one station, which appears in brackets.
Administering FDDI Stations 8-5 Setting Neighbor Notification Timer The T-notify attribute is a timer used in the Neighbor Notification pr otocol to indicate the interval of time between the generation of Neighbor Information F rames (NIF). NIF frames allow stations to discover their upstream and downstream neighbors .
8-6 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES 2 Pr ess [Return]. 3 Enter the new statusReporting value ( enabled or disabled ). See the following example: Select station [1]: Station 1 - Enter new va.
Administering FDDI Paths 8-7 3 Enter the path ( p = primar y , s = secondar y). See the following example of path inf ormation: T able 8-3 describes these statistics. Setting tvxLow erBound The tvxLow erBound attribute specifies the minimum time value of f ddiMAC TvxV alue that will be used by an y MAC that is configur ed onto this path.
8-8 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES T o set tvxLowerBound: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: fddi path tvxLowerBound Y ou are prompted for a station, path, and value. The Swit ch 2200 has one station, which appears in brackets.
Administering FDDI MACs 8-9 Setting maxT-Req The maxT-Req attribute specifies the maximum time v alue of fddiMA CT-Req that will be used by any MA C that is configured onto this path. T-Req is the value that a MA C bids during the claim process to determine a ring ’ s operational token rotation time, T_Opr .
8-10 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES Displaying MA C Information FDDI MAC inf ormation can be viewed in a summary or in detail. When you display a summary of various FDDI MAC statistics , you receiv e information about the MAC, including received and transmitted frames and received and transmitted bytes .
Administering FDDI MACs 8-11 The follo wing example shows the detail display of FDDI MA C information: rxFrames rxBytes rxFrameRate rxByteRate 103666 23089968 36 7582 rxPeakFrameRate rxPeakByteRate lo.
8-12 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES T able 8-4 describes the information provided for the FDDI MA C. T able 8-4 Description of Fields f or FDDI MA C Attributes Field Description currentPat.
Administering FDDI MACs 8-13 oldDownstream Previous value of the MAC address of this MAC’s downstream neighbor oldUpstream Previous value of the MAC address of this MAC’s upstream neighbor ringOpC.
8-14 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES F rame P roc essing and FDDI MAC Statistics All frames on the FDDI network are receiv ed promiscuously by an FDDI MAC. However , a frame might be discarded for the follo wing reasons: ■ There is no buff er space av ailable.
Administering FDDI MACs 8-15 ■ LL C ser vice is disabled . ■ This is an NSA F rame and the A-bit is set. F igure 8-1 shows the order in which these discard tests are made . Figur e 8-1 How Fr ame Pr ocessing Aff ects FDDI MAC Receive F rame S tatistics F rames are deliv ered to an FDDI MA C by bridges and management applications.
8-16 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES F igure 8-2 shows the order in which the discard tests are made . Figur e 8-2 How Fr ame Pr ocessing Aff ects FDDI MAC T ransmit F rame S tatistics Sett.
Administering FDDI MACs 8-17 See the following example: Select MAC [1]: MAC 1 - Enter new value [655]: Setting the Not C opied Thr eshold The NotCopiedThr eshold attribute determines when a MAC condition r epor t is generated because too many frames could not be copied .
8-18 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES Enabling and Disabling LL C Ser vice The L ogical Link Contr ol (LL C) ser vice allows LL C frames to be sent and received on the MA C.
Administering FDDI Ports 8-19 Administ ering FDDI P orts Within an FDDI station, the PHY and PMD entities make up a por t. A por t (consisting of the PHY/PMD pair that connects to the fiber media) is located at both ends of a physical connection and determines the characteristics of that connection.
8-20 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES T able 8-5 describes the t ype of information pro vided for an FDDI port. Setting lerAlarm The lerAlarm attribute is the link error rate (LER) v alue at which a link connection generates an alarm.
Administering FDDI Ports 8-21 values so that y ou are only receiving alarms if y our network is in poor health. The SMT Standard r ecommended value is 8. The lerAlarm value must be higher than the lerCutoff v alue so that the network manager will be aler ted to a problem before the PHY (port) is actually remov ed from the network.
8-22 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING FDDI R ESOURCES T o set the lerCutoff : 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: fddi port lerCutoff Y ou are prompted for a port number and an estimated link error rate value at which the link connection will be broken.
Administering FDDI Ports 8-23 Setting the Po r t Pa t hs In the Switch 2200 you can assign the A and B ports to either the primar y or the secondar y path. T o assign por ts to paths: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: fddi port path Y ou are prompted for a port.
9 S ETTING U P THE S YSTEM FOR R OVING A NALYSIS This chapter describes how t o set up the SuperStack™ II Switch 2200 system for ro ving analysis. With roving analysis, you can monitor Ethernet por t activit y either locally or remotely using a network analyz er attached to the system.
9-2 C HAPTER 9: S ETTING U P THE S YSTEM FOR R OVING A NALYSIS the remote port is located. T he remote system must be locat ed on the same FDDI ring as the system to which the analyzer is attached . F igure 9-1 shows the process for establishing local and remote monit oring of por ts.
Adding an Analyzer Port 9-3 T o display the roving analysis configurations, enter the following from the top level of the A dministration Console: analyzer display The configurations are displa yed .
9-4 C HAPTER 9: S ETTING U P THE S YSTEM FOR R OVING A NALYSIS Once the analyzer port is set, it is disabled from receiving or transmitting any other data.
Starting Port Monitoring 9-5 Starting Port Monitoring After you ha ve a local or remote port configured for the network analyzer , you can start monitoring por t activity . 3Com rec ommends that you AL W A YS configure the analyzer port before configuring the monitored ports.
9-6 C HAPTER 9: S ETTING U P THE S YSTEM FOR R OVING A NALYSIS Y ou are then prompted for an FDDI port through which the data should be forwarded, as shown below : Select FDDI port (1-2): 2 Once you s.
IV Chapter 10 Administ ering the Bridge Chapter 11 Administ ering Bridge P orts Chapter 12 Creating and Using P ack et F ilters Chapter 13 C onfiguring Address and P or t Groups to Use in P acket Fil.
10 A DMINISTERING THE B RIDGE This chapter describes how to view the bridge setup and how to configure the following bridge-lev el parameters: ■ IP fragmentation ■ IPX snap translation ■ Address thr eshold ■ Address aging time ■ Spanning T ree P rotocol (STP) parameters F or information about configuring the bridge port, see Chapter 11.
10-2 C HAPTER 10: A DMINISTERING THE B RIDGE The follo wing example shows a display of bridge inf ormation. Each item in the bridge parameter list is described in T able 10-1.
Displaying Bridge Information 10-3 T able 10-1 Bridge Attributes Parameter Description addressCount Number of addresses in the bridge address table addrTableSize Maximum number of addresses that will fit in the bridge address table addrThreshold Reporting threshold for the total number of addresses known on this bridge.
10-4 C HAPTER 10: A DMINISTERING THE B RIDGE maxAge The maximum age value at which the stored configuration message information is judged too old and discarded. This value is determined by the root bridge. mode Operational mode of the bridge. Valid value is transparent for IEEE 802.
Enabling and Disabling IP Fragmentation 10-5 Enabling and Disabling IP F r agmenta tion When IP fragmentation is enabled , large FDDI packets are “fragmented” into smaller packets.
10-6 C HAPTER 10: A DMINISTERING THE B RIDGE Setting the Addr ess Thr eshold The address thr eshold for a bridge is the reporting threshold for the total number of Ethernet addresses known to the system. When this thr eshold is reached , the SNMP trap addressThresholdE vent is generated.
Administering STP Bridge Parameters 10-7 Administ ering STP Bridge P aramet ers Y ou can enable or disable Spanning T ree Pr otocol in the system and set the following STP bridge paramet ers: priorit y , maximum age, hello time, and forward delay.
10-8 C HAPTER 10: A DMINISTERING THE B RIDGE T o configure the STP bridge priorit y : 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: bridge stpPriority 2 Enter the priority value at the prompt. If your configuration was successful, you return to the pr evious menu.
Administering STP Bridge Parameters 10-9 Setting the Bridge Hello Time Hello time is the period between the generation of configuration messages by a root bridge . I f the probability of losing configuration messages is high, shor tening the time makes the protocol mor e robust.
10-10 C HAPTER 10: A DMINISTERING THE B RIDGE Setting the STP Group A ddress The STP gr oup address is a single address that bridges listen t o when receiving STP inf ormation.
11 A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS This chapter describes ho w to view bridge port information and configure the following: ■ Multicast packet threshold ■ Spanning T ree P rotocol (STP) parameters ■ Bridge por t addresses Displa ying Bridge P ort Information Bridge por t information includes the STP configurations f or the bridge port.
11-2 C HAPTER 11: A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS The follo wing example shows a bridge port summar y displa y. port rxFrames rxDiscards txFrames Ethernet 1 411180 0 1353766 Ethernet 12 243559 0 1184225.
Displaying Bridge Port Information 11-3 T able 11-1 describes the t ype of information pro vided for the bridge port. T able 11-1 Bridge Port Attributes Parameter Description designatedBridge Identification of the designated bridge of the LAN to which the port is attached designatedCost Cost through this port to get to the root bridge.
11-4 C HAPTER 11: A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS rxFrames Number of frames that have been received by this port from its segment. A frame received on the interface corresponding to this port is only counted by this object if the frame is for a protocol being processed by the local bridging function, including bridge management frames.
Displaying Bridge Port Information 11-5 state Spanning Tree state (blocking, listening, learning, forwarding, disabled) in which the port is currently operating: Blocking : The bridge continues to run.
11-6 C HAPTER 11: A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS F rame P roc essing and Bridge Port Statistics All frames received on a physical (E thernet or FDDI) inter face and not explicitly directed to the Switch 2200 ar e delivered to the corr esponding bridge por t.
Setting the Multicast Limit 11-7 F igure 11-2 shows the order in which the discard decisions are made . Figur e 11-2 How Fr ame Pr ocessing Aff ects T ransmit Bridge P or t Statistics Setting the Mult.
11-8 C HAPTER 11: A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS 4 Enter the new multicast threshold v alue for the port(s). See the example below : Ethernet port 4 - Enter new value [0]: 400 Ethernet port 5 - Enter n.
Administering STP Bridge Port Parameters 11-9 The follo wing example shows v alues being set for mor e than one port: Ethernet port 4 - Enter new value (disabled,enabled) [enabled]: disabled Ethernet port 5 - Enter new value (disabled,enabled) [enabled]: disabled Setting the Port P ath C ost Y ou can set the path cost for a bridge por t.
11-10 C HAPTER 11: A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS Setting the Port Priority The STP port priorit y influences the choice of port when the bridge has two por ts connected to the same LAN, creating a loop . The port with the lowest por t priority will be the one used by the Spanning T r ee Pr otocol.
Administering Port Addresses 11-11 Administ ering P ort Addresses Y ou can administer the MAC addresses of stations connected to E thernet and FDDI por ts on the Switch 2200. Listing Addr esses Y ou can display MAC addresses curr ently associated with the selected por ts .
11-12 C HAPTER 11: A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS Adding New Addr esses When you assign new MA C addresses to the selected ports, these addresses are added as statically configured addr esses. A statically configured address is never aged and can never be learned on a diff erent Ethernet port.
Administering Port Addresses 11-13 Flushing A ll Addr esses Y ou can flush all static and dynamic MAC addresses from the selected por t(s). Static MAC addresses are those that you specified using the add menu option. D ynamic MAC addr esses are those that wer e automatically learned by the bridge.
11-14 C HAPTER 11: A DMINISTERING B RIDGE P ORTS T o freeze all dynamic addresses: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: bridge port address freeze Y ou are prompted for the port t ype. 2 Enter Ethernet , FDDI , o r all . Y ou are prompted for the port number(s).
12 C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS This chapter describes how t o create and edit packet filters using the packet filter language. This chapter also provides instructions for ho w to: ■ List.
12-2 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Listing P acket F ilters When you list the packet filters f or the system, the filter identification, filter name (if any), and filter assignments are displayed .
Displaying Packet Filters 12-3 Displa ying P acket F ilters When displaying the contents of a single packet filter , you selec t the packet filter using the filter id (which you can obtain b y listing the packet filters as described in the previous section).
12-4 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS C oncepts f or Writing a F ilter Befor e writing a packet filter , you should understand thsee basic concepts: ■ How the packet filter langu.
Creating Packet Filters 12-5 T able 12-2 describes the instruc tions and stacks of a packet filter . T able 12-2 Packet F ilter Instructions and Stacks — Descriptions and Guidelines Element Descriptions and Guidelines Instructions Each instruction in a packet filter definition must be on a separate line in the packet filter definition file.
12-6 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Basic Elements of a P acket F ilter Before creating a packet filter , you must decide which par t of the packet you want to filter . Y ou can filter Ethernet packets by the destination address, source address , t ype/length, or some par t of the data.
Creating Packet Filters 12-7 The Ethernet and FDDI packet fields in F igure 12-1 are used as operands in the packet filter . T he two simplest operands are described in T able 12-3. The oper ators that you specify in the packet filter allow the filter to make a logical decision about whether the packet should be for warded or discarded .
12-8 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Implementing Sequential T ests in a Packet F ilter F ilter language expressions ar e normally evaluat ed to completion — a packet is accepted if the value remaining on the top of the stack is non-zero .
Creating Packet Filters 12-9 The follo wing example shows the use of both accept and reject in a packet filter . This packet filter was created f or a network running both Phase I and Phase II AppleT alk. TM The goal of the filter is to eliminate the AppleT alk traffic.
12-10 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Run-time storage of packet filters Fo r run-time storage of packet filter programs, each Switch 2200 system provides a maximum of 8192 byt es.
Creating Packet Filters 12-11 4 Apply a logic operation to the values in st eps 2 and 3. The operator y ou use depends on what comparison you want to make. V ariations on these f our basic steps of writing packet filters include: ■ Use pushTop for each additional comparison you int end to make with the pushF ield value .
12-12 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Pack et F ilter Solution The solution described here is to cr eate a highly sophisticated packet filter that prevents only the br oadcast packets from the market data ser vers from being forwarded onto the segments that are not par t of an active trading floor .
Creating Packet Filters 12-13 The pseudocode translates into the f ollowing packet filter: Name “IP XNS ticker bcast filter” # Assign this filter in the multicast path # of a port only--this is very important # # XNS FILTERING SECTION # pushField.
12-14 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS The rest of this section concentrates on the parts of the filter , showing you how to translate the pseudocode ’ s requirements into filter language.
Creating Packet Filters 12-15 4 Enter executable instruction #3: eq # if the two values on the top of the stack are equal, # then return a non-zero value Packet F ilter T wo . This filter is designed to accept packets within the socket range of 0x76c and 0x898.
12-16 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Combining a Subset of the F ilters. The next filter accepts IP packets with a socket range of 0x76c (1900) and 0x898 (2200). T he filter combines packet filters one and two , modifying them for IP .
Creating Packet Filters 12-17 Combining All the F ilters. T ogether , the four packet filters work to per form the solution to the pr oblem: filtering the broadcast packets from the market data ser v ers.
12-18 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS The maximum length of a packet filter definition is 4096 bytes . The editor assumes a terminal capability no higher than a glass tty (that is, it does not assume an addressable screen). Y ou can place any ASCII printable character into the editing buffer at the cursor position.
Creating Packet Filters 12-19 T able 12-6 Packet F ilter Editor Commands Command Keys Description List buffer Ctrl+l Displays each of the lines in the editing buffer and then redisplays the line curre.
12-20 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Using an External T ext Editor T o use an ASCII-based editor to create a packet filter : 1 Create the definition in a text file. 2 F rom a networked workstation, ftp the file to the Switch 2200 on which you want to load the filter .
Editing, Checking and Saving Packet Filters 12-21 T o edit a pack et filter using the Switch 2200 system line edit or: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: bridge packetFilter edit 2 Enter the packet filter id number . Specifying a filter id loads that filter into the edit buffer .
12-22 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Loading P acket F ilters When you cr eate packet filters using an external text editor , you must load the filters onto the system fr om the network host on which you cr eated them.
Assigning Packet Filters to Ports 12-23 it meets the forwarding criteria. A pack et that does not meet the f or warding criteria defined in the filter is discarded . T o assign a pack et filter: 1 F rom the top lev el of the Administration C onsole , enter: bridge packetFilter assign 2 Enter the id number of the packet filter to be assigned .
12-24 C HAPTER 12: C REATING AND U SING P ACKET F ILTERS Unassigning P acket F ilters from P or ts T o unassign a pack et filter from one or more ports, the pack et filter must have been pr eviously assigned to at least one port.
13 C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS This chapter describes how to use address and port groups as filtering criteria in a packet filter , and how to administer address and por t groups.
13-2 C HAPTER 13: C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS Port group packet filter example In this example, packets are not for warded to ports in groups 3 and 8. Name “Discard Groups 3 and 8” pushSPGM # Get source port group mask pushLiteral.
Displaying Groups 13-3 Address gr oup example In this example, three address groups are defined in the system. The first address group has an id of 1 and the name Accounting .
13-4 C HAPTER 13: C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS members of the group . The name of the addr ess group in this example is Development , and the group has five members.
Creating New Groups 13-5 Enter the ports in this syntax: < Ethernet | E | FDDI | F > [port] < port number > As you enter each address or port, the system attempts to add it to the group.
13-6 C HAPTER 13: C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS Port group example In this example , a new por t group is cr eated and loaded on the system. The bit in the por t gr oup mask for the gr oup is 12 and the name of the group is Educ ation .
Adding Addresses and Ports to Groups 13-7 Adding Addr esses and P orts to Groups When adding addresses or ports to an existing group, you can either enter the addresses or ports at the prompts or impor t them fr om a file. At least one address group or port group must exist before you can add addresses or por ts.
13-8 C HAPTER 13: C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS Enter the ports in this syntax: < Ethernet | E | FDDI | F > [port] < port number > As you enter each address or port, the system attempts to add it to the group.
Removing Addresses or Ports from a Group 13-9 Port group example This example sho ws a por t successfully added to the Manufacturing por t group . Select port group to be modified [1-4]: 2 Adding port.
13-10 C HAPTER 13: C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS As you enter addresses and ports, the system attempts to remov e them from the group. If the address or port is not found in the group , a warning message is displayed , as shown here: Warning: Specified address was not a member of the address group.
Loading Groups 13-11 Loading Gr oups There is no explicit menu item to load addr ess and por t groups that are defined in a file on a remote host. However , you can “load ” groups by creating a script on a remot e host (which includes your address or port group) and then running that script.
13-12 C HAPTER 13: C ONFIGURING A DDRESS AND P ORT G ROUPS TO U SE IN P ACKET F ILTERS.
V Appendix A P acket Filter Opcodes , Examples, and Sytax Errors Appendix B T echnical Suppor t A PPENDIXES.
A P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS This appendix: ■ Describes the specific opcodes you can use when creating a packet filter ■ Pr ovides numerous examples of commonly u.
A-2 A PPENDIX A: P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS pushField.size <offset> Description : Pushes a field from the target packet onto the stack. Packet data starting at <offset> is copied onto the stack. The most significant byte of the field is the byte at the specified offset.
Opcodes A-3 pushTop Description: Pushes the current top of the stack onto the stack (that is, it reads the top of the stack and pushes the value onto the stack).
A-4 A PPENDIX A: P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS pushSPGM Description: Pushes the source port group mask (SPGM) onto the top of the stack. The SPGM is a bitmap representing the groups to which the source port of a packet belongs.
Opcodes A-5 ne (not equal) Description: Pops two values from the stack and compares them. If they are not equal, a byte containing the value non-zero is pushed onto the stack; otherwise, a byte containing 0 is pushed. The size of the operands is determined by the contents of the stack.
A-6 A PPENDIX A: P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS gt (greater than) Description: Pops two values from the stack and performs an unsigned comparison. If the first is greater than the second, a byte containing the value non-zero is pushed onto the stack; otherwise, a byte containing 0 is pushed.
Opcodes A-7 or (bit-wise OR) Description: Pops two values from the stack and pushes the bit-wise OR of these values back onto the stack. The size of the operands and the result are determined by the contents of the stack.
A-8 A PPENDIX A: P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS reject Description: Conditionally rejects the packet being examined. A byte is popped from the stack. If it is non-zero, the packet is rejected and evaluation of the filter ends immediately; otherwise, filter evaluation continues with the next instruction.
Packet Filter Examples A-9 P acket F ilter Examples The follo wing examples of using the packet filter language star t with basic packet filter concepts. Destination Addr ess F ilter This filter operates on the destination addr ess field of a frame.
A-10 A PPENDIX A: P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS T y pe F ilter This filter operates on the type field of a frame. I t allows packets to be forwarded that are IP frames. T o customize this filter to another type value , change the literal value loaded in the pushLiteral.
Packet Filter Examples A-11 Sourc e Addr ess and T y pe F ilter This filter operat es on the source address and type fields of a frame. It allows XNS packets to be forwarded that are from stations with an OUI of 08-00-02. T o customize this filter to another OUI value , change the literal value loaded in the last pushLiteral.
A-12 A PPENDIX A: P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS Addr ess Group F ilter This filter accepts only frames whose sour ce and destination address are in the same group .
Common Syntax Errors A-13 C ommon S yntax Errors When a packet filter definition is loaded, the definition is checked for syntax errors. The syntax errors and their causes are listed in T able A-1.
A-14 A PPENDIX A: P ACKET F ILTER O PCODES , E XAMPLES , AND S YNTAX E RRORS Invalid characters in number The number specified as an offset or literal is improperly formatted. Possible causes are 1) lack of white space setting off the number, and 2) invalid characters in the number.
B T ECHNICAL S UPPORT 3Com pro vides easy access to technical support information through a variety of ser vices. This appendix describes these services.
B-2 A PPENDIX B: T ECHNICAL S UPPORT Acc ess b y ISDN ISDN users can dial in to 3ComBBS using a digital modem f or fast access up to 56 Kbps. T o access 3ComBBS using ISDN, dial the following number :.
Support from Your Network Supplier B-3 3ComF acts SM Automated F ax Ser vice 3Com C orporation ’ s interactive fax ser vice , 3ComF ac ts , provides data sheets, technical articles, diagrams, and troubleshooting instructions on 3Com products 24 hours a day , seven days a w eek.
B-4 A PPENDIX B: T ECHNICAL S UPPORT Suppor t from 3C om If you are unable t o receive support from your network supplier , technical suppor t contracts are available fr om 3Com. In the U.S. and Canada, call (800) 876-3266 f or customer service. If you are outside the U.
I NDEX Numerics 3Com Bulletin Board Service (3ComBBS) B-1 3Com sales offices B-4 3ComF acts B-3 3ComF o rum B-2 A abort at prompts 2-9 enabling CTL+C 2-11 accept opcode 12-8, A-7 access levels 2-1 ad.
2 I NDEX baud rate console serial por t 3-2 bell, warning 4-1 blocking state 11-5 bridge See also packet filter address threshold, setting 10-6 aging time, setting 10-6 designated 11-3 IP fragmentati.
I NDEX 3 por tState 7-8 station MAC addresses 11-11 Ethernet address and restoring NV data 6-3 for the monitored por t 9-5 Ethernet port analyzer attached 9-3 displaying information 7-1 label 7-4 labe.
4 I NDEX Internet Contr ol Message Pr otocol. See ICMP IP address translation 3-11 ARP cache 3-11 inter face 3-3 management access 3-1 menus 2-6 pinging 3-12 RIP mode 3-12 route table 3-8 routes 3-7 s.
I NDEX 5 multicast frames and pack et filters 12-1 multicast limit configuring 11-7 defined 11-7 N name opcode A-1 naming the Switch 2200 4-3 ne opcode A-5 neighbor notification and LLC Ser vice 8-18 network monitoring.
6 I NDEX path cost defined 11-9 setting 11-9 path. See FDDI path and backplane paths PHY and FDDI por ts 8-19 ping IP station 3-12 PMD and FDDI por ts 8-19 port See also FDDI port bridging priorit y .
I NDEX 7 S SAGM (source addr ess group mask) 13-1 screen height adjusting 2-10 scripts for the Administration C onsole examples 2-15 running 2-13 serial port (console) for management 3-1 rebooting the.
8 I NDEX Switch 2200 administration over view 1-1 and network monitoring 9-1 bell warning 4-1 documentation 4 fan warning 4-2 naming 4-3 NV data restoration 6-3 por ts and IP interfaces 3-6 power supp.
Een belangrijk punt na aankoop van elk apparaat 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 (of zelfs voordat je het koopt) is om de handleiding te lezen. Dit moeten wij doen vanwege een paar simpele redenen:
Als u nog geen 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 heb gekocht dan nu is een goed moment om kennis te maken met de basisgegevens van het product. Eerst kijk dan naar de eerste pagina\'s van de handleiding, die je hierboven vindt. Je moet daar de belangrijkste technische gegevens 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 vinden. Op dit manier kan je controleren of het apparaat aan jouw behoeften voldoet. Op de volgende pagina's van de handleiding 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 leer je over alle kenmerken van het product en krijg je informatie over de werking. De informatie die je over 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 krijgt, zal je zeker helpen om een besluit over de aankoop te nemen.
In een situatie waarin je al een beziter van 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 bent, maar toch heb je de instructies niet gelezen, moet je het doen voor de hierboven beschreven redenen. Je zult dan weten of je goed de alle beschikbare functies heb gebruikt, en of je fouten heb gemaakt die het leven van de 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 kunnen verkorten.
Maar de belangrijkste taak van de handleiding is om de gebruiker bij het oplossen van problemen te helpen met 3Com SUPERSTACK 2200 . Bijna altijd, zal je daar het vinden Troubleshooting met de meest voorkomende storingen en defecten #MANUAl# samen met de instructies over hun opplosinge. Zelfs als je zelf niet kan om het probleem op te lossen, zal de instructie je de weg wijzen naar verdere andere procedure, bijv. door contact met de klantenservice of het dichtstbijzijnde servicecentrum.
